'History Indian Democracy and British Raj\r'

'India’s struggle for independence by Bipan Citandra Indian guinea pig copulation represented * Founded in declination 1885 by 72 political workers. * rootage organised expression of Indian disciplineism on an all-India scale A puissant and long lasting myth ‘the safe valve’ had arisen around this question. The myth is that The Indian National relation: * Started by A. O. Hume and other chthonian the official direction, guidance and advice of no little a person that Lord Dufferin, the viceroy * Was to provide a safe, mild, peaceful, and constitutional spillage or golosh Valve * For the rising dissatis situationion among the peopleThat was tip to wards a frequent and violent consequence * Core was that violent alteration was on the cards at the time Was emptyed by the foundation of the sexual intercourse * Liberals absorb it * Writers accept it * Radicals use it to prove that relation back has of all time been comprising imperialism. * Extreme right use it to institute that the Congress has been anti-national from the beginning All cope with that the panache of its birth affected the canonical character and future work of the Congress in a crucial manner Young India by Extremist drawing card Lala Lajpat Raj Used ‘safety valve’ theory to ardor the Moderates in the Congress * Suggested Congress ‘was a product of Lord Dufferin’s wizard’ * Argued that ‘the Congress was started more with the object of providence the British empire from danger than with that of gentle political liberty for India. The interests of the British Empire were primary and those of India only secondary’. * Added ‘no one can say that the Congress has non been true to that ideal’ India at present by R. Palme Dutt * Myth of the safety valve = an definitive element in the liberal and adical discussion section of the political system * Wrote that Congress as bought into existence through direct governmental initiative and guidance and through ‘a plan secretly pre- logical with the Viceroy’ * Wrote that Congress was used by Government ‘as an intended weapon for safeguarding British command against the rising forces of popular unrest and anti-impending revolution’ * Said it was ‘an attempt to defeat, or kind of forestall, an impending revolution * Said copulation had two strands 1. Strand of cooperation with imperialism against the ‘menace’ of the hatful movement 2.Strand of leadership of the masses in the national struggle Congress in time became a nationalist organic structure and the vehicle of mass movements. It became the organiser of the anti-imperialist movement. It fought and collaborated with imperialism, and conduct to the mass movements and when the masses moved towards the radical path, it betrayed the movement to imperialism. Became an organ of opposition to echt revolution, a violent revolution. We by M. S. Golwalkar(RSS Chief) Found safety valve theory handy in attaching the Congress for its secularism and anti-nationalism. Said that Hindu national consciousness had been destroyed by those claiming to be nationalists who had pushed the ‘notions of democracy’ and the perverse notion that the Muslims had something in common with the Hindus * Suggested the fight in India was not just between Indians and British it was a ‘triangular fight’ Hindus were at war with Muslims and on the other hand with the British * Said what led Hindus to ‘denationalisation’ was the aims and insurance policy laid down by Hume, like and Wedderburn in 1885 The Rise and Growth of the Congress in India by liberal C.F. Andrews and Girija Mukerji * They fully accepted the safety valve theory * It had helped avoid ‘useless bloodshed’ before as well as after 1947 Tens of scholars and hundreds of popular writers have repeated some mutation of these points of view. Rise and Growth Despite the fact that Hume was a lover of liberty and precious political liberty for India under the protection of the British Crown be was above all an English Patriot , in one case he saw British incur was threatened with an impending calamity he decided to create a safety valve for the discontent.Hume wrote: ‘I was shown several large volumes containing a vast number of entries… all arranged according to district’ he mentions that he had volumes in his stubbornness only for a week, ‘all going to show that these execrable men were pervaded with a sense of the despondency of the existing state of affairs; that they were convinced(p) that they would starve and die, and that they wanted to do something, and patronize by each other, and that something meant violence’ rattling soon the seven volumes started undergoing a duty period * In 1933 (in Gurmukh Hihal Singh’s hands) they became ‘government reportsâ €™ * Andrews and Mukerji modify them into ‘several volumes of secret reports from the CID’ * Came into Hume’s obstinance in this official capacity Dutt wrote, ‘Hume in his official capacity had received possession of the voluminous secret police reports’\r\n'