Climate Change And Global Warming English Language Essay

Climate Change And Global Warming English Language EssayThroughout this assignment we give be tackling the occupation of world(prenominal) warming and clime variety. We allow be finding different alternatives of how we mountain raise public aw arness on orbicular warming and climate change. We pull up stakes similarly be analysing the problems and the positive outcomes ca hired by this phenomenon, and identicalwise the strategies t eyelid are already being implemented.1.2 Setting the sequenceWhite Identify the current dapple of climate change and globose warming.Black Evaluate the problems and dangers ca apply by spheric warming. jet plane Provide solutions and strategies to improve the situation and awareness.Yellow Classify the benefits from introducing the above strategies.Black enlist what might not work from our strategies.Red Provide feelings on the subject.Blue Provide conclusion on what we believe is the right thing to do.2. White hatIn order to arrive at certain solutions on how to raise public awareness on climate change and global warming, we d induce mulish to examine the present situation by firstly using the White Hat which focuses on analysing the data available and another(prenominal) numerical figures.2.1 What do we deal?In February 2007, the United Nations presented a report which stated that global warming (the name for the phenomenon climate change) is happening and will continue to occur for centuries. Furthermore, the report also stated that humans activity has been the primary piss of increasing temperatures over the past few years. According to a number of studies it has been proved that the climate has been at its warmest in the last decade. The burning of fossil fuels (burning great amounts of oil, natural gas and coal in order to power homes and vehicles) is the major activity that is affecting the intensity of the Earth because heat gases are being trapped ( vitamin C dioxide) into the atmosphere. These g asses are also known as greenhouse gases. Due to these warmer temperatures there are other changes affecting the climate, such as melting glaciers and stronger storms, since air, water and land are all linked to this phenomenon.Todays bottled water companies get up their product as a commodious and a healthy unrivaled. The packages suggest that the product is green, however the making, filling and shipping of these plastic bottles generates huge amounts of carbon dioxide emissions that eventually contribute to global warming. Although plastic can be recycled it poses a solid waste disposal problem. Therefore when it comes to satisfying short-term consumer wants, the bottled water industry may be potentially harming the environment and cause climate change in the long-run.The progress in technology has been of great help throughout the years. There was the introduction of solar panels, geothermal energy, carbon delight and underground storage amongst others. Technology allows p eople to switch from burning fossil fuels to generate energy to other cleaner and more efficient energy sources. mass are aware of the present situation and technology been a great contributor, through the use of social networks and television programs. Schools also assist young children to be more aware of environmental concerns by clean-up the world activities etcetera2.2 What do we need to know?It is still uncertain whether global warming is really happening, so why do we have to spend large amounts of money if maybe we are not at risk? We could invest our money in assist this climate change phenomenon however one could ask whether we are making a big deal out of it more than we should.Are people really the major cause of global warming? We need to find out whether people are the only contributors to global warming or whether there are any other factors affecting it which we still dont know about.Who and what is in danger if global warming increases? We need to identify the sp ecies that are in danger of extinction, the reaping life of plants and trees and also the effect on human health.3. Black HatBy using the black hat, we have analysed the problems that are caused by climate change and global warming.3.1 What could the possible problems be?There are several problems that could harm the Earth, approximately of which areThe melting of the sorbet caps, which is full of fresh water, ignores the percentage of table salt in the sea and also results in an increase in the sea level. If sea levels continue to rise many low lying countries will be under high risk of eradication.The sea is also becoming warmer. As a result the probability of more frequent hurricanes also increases.More changeable weather across the world. In certain areas there is lack of rain whilst in other areas there is severe flooding, which is one of the most crucial impacts of global warming.If the planet continues to get warmer, dry areas of land are likely to be destructed by fire s. This would also increase the problem of air pollution because of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted.An increased amount of humid air generated by global warming will trigger more hazardous thunderstorms. These storms are common to initiate wildfires as mentioned above.Most common diseases result from these climate changes, for example with the rise of temperatures there is an increase in the number of mosquitoes which will enable the spread of disease, e.g. Malaria.Due to some weather changes across the globe, certain sports that are practiced in cold areas will eventually have to stop, such as ice-skating, sledding, skiing, figure skating etc. The Bolivian Ski resort is a perfect example of such matter, which is the highest ski resort that has recently started disappearing due to warmer temperatures and the melting of ice.4. Green HatThe Green hat was used in order to get an idea of what one could do to help the environment as a satisfying and so reducing Global warming.4.1 What could we do?One may guess that a single person cannot stop global climate change. This is not sure because those simple actions one does are the first steps that are multiplied by millions of other people everywhere.In order to try to improve the situation we find ourselves in, we need to come up with certain changes that could help the global warming and climate change. These methods are already being implementedUse little heat and air-conditioning by using less heat and air-conditioning in our homes we are using less power and therefore there is a reduction in burnt fossil fuels, meaning that there will be less greenhouse gases, which as we have already mentioned, are the major cause of global warming.Reduce, Re-use, Recycle by using the 3Rs we would be reducing waste by separating paper, plastic, metal and glass into separate bins which can then be processed and transform into other goods, such as recycled plastic and glass bottles, and recycled tissue paper. Besides re cycling, plastic bottles, lunch boxes and glass bottles can be reused. We can also recycle batteries, electronics and wood.Buy energy efficient products lately we have projectn the introduction of solar panels which absorb light from the sun and generate electricity in our homes. We can reduce power by buying energy efficient appliances such as fridges, light bulbs and others. We can also buy chargeable batteries so that we can recharge them instead of having to buy new ones.Reduce the use of personal cars instead of using our personal car and thus emitting carbon-dioxide, we should try other alternatives such as walking or cycling, sharing cars (if two people are going to the same place one should pick up the other) and make more use of public transport.Planting trees Plants and trees pass through a cycle called p acidosynthesis, which metabolizes carbon dioxide gases from the air and releases oxygen this helps global warming by decreasing the level of carbon dioxide emission s.Encouraging others for us to make an impact on the climate change and work more awareness on the subject, we need to act upon these methodologies and also push others to do so, because every little help can make a difference.Use Less Hot Water In winter, everyone would enjoy a hot bath after a long day at work. What people dont know is that hot water is the highest energy consuming variable. By doing simple things, such as taking a argueer instead of a bath, keeping small amounts of water in the kettle and also trying to wash uniform at a lower temperature, we would be reducing the amounts of energy consumed.4.2 What else can we try?Apart from the solutions mentioned above which are already being adopted, we came up with except ideas which can help in this situation.Gyms that run by peoples energy we thought that there could be certain places, such as gyms or sports centres, where all treadmills, course machines, bikes and other equipment should have attached to them a co mpact generator that converts the motion of the wheels into electricity, which is then fed into the power grid thus transmitting energy produced by everyone into power for the same gym. By peoples sweat, the use of burning fossil fuels is reduced because we are using less power.Solar power instead of batteries those electronics that use a lithium ion battery can be exchanged into items that work with solar energy, for example mobile phones which will eventually become lighter. Calculators that maneuverction without the use of batteries already exist.Another thing that could help is to create chairs that whenever one sits on them they gain heat from the warmth of ones body and this heat is transformed into energy. These chairs can be used in schools or at working places where people are seated for a long period of time.A different thing we could try is to skirt buildings with solar panels. These buildings should be built in abandoned areas or on government grounds because they wil l not be ideal for people to experience in as they will have no natural light and air. The government then could use the power generated from the solar panels for governmental departments and can also be distributed to people in order to reduce their bills. By surrounding the altogether building we would gain light during any time of day.4.3 What will master our difficulties?Determination is the most important key that will help improve the situation. If people are not aware of the problem we need to help them get word more what is going on. From peoples perceptions we could identify what do they know about global warming (through television programs, radio, social media etc.) however they need to pay more heed to the effects that their actions are having on the environment and also how they can improve the situation. Since people must be more aware of this problem, we should do something about it, like for exampleMore school activities for young children clean-up the world ca mpaigns are not really instigated at schools these days. For younger children one could create plays that are more fun and educative.Informative television programs although there are already many programs and discussions, we have to be more specific on what one should do and what the real problem is because sometimes we take global warming for granted.Presentations to young adults young adults are pressured by friends, social media and also famous people so we need to create more awareness in them by means of entertainment, such as produce movies on global warming, creating facebook pages on how they could help the situation, and also encouraging celebrities to promote this phenomenon.From our idea of creating gyms that run by peoples energy we could also give some incentives so that it will be more used. When people enter the gym, they should be presumption a swipe card before starting to exercise. Then, by the use of these swipe cards, the gym crew could monitor how much time each various(prenominal) has spent on each machine and then calculate how much energy each individual has generated. Every year the gym crew will look at each individuals swipe card and give rewards depending on how much energy each individual has generated for the gym.Door-to-door talks we dont usually see people who come to talk to us about climate changes. This needs to be done because people may be more willing to hold back if they are shown what could be done at home.5. Yellow HatWhen implementing the strategies mentioned above, one may notice that loads of positive factors arise. We have used the Yellow hat to evaluate the benefits.5.1 What could the positive values of global warming and climate change be?The next ice age may be prevented from occurring several studies show that in the future, sheets of ice will be formed due to the decline in the temperature of the Earth, which will cause the ocean levels to decline and the polar ice caps will cover most of the globe. Howe ver, present studies are showing that emissions of greenhouse gases (such as the carbon dioxide) are heating the atmosphere to a degree that the next ice age which was predicted, may be postponed indefinitely.More Usable Land As the globe warms, high-latitude zones could become agriculture-friendly (longer growing seasons) thus an increase in food return will take place. The presence of carbon dioxide has a fertilizing effect on the growth of plant life. Furthermore, natural resources would become much easier to extract.Carbon dioxide is good for plants several(prenominal) researchers have stated that much of the plants will do better in a CO2 environment than in the current atmosphere, which digests only trace amounts of their elemental food. As already mention above, a warmer world would mean longer growing seasons, thus providing more food for animals and humans.Warmer weather is safer more people, particularly among vulnerable groups like the elderly, die from cold weathers. Therefore due to rising climatic temperatures less people will die. Furthermore, in countries where there is snow, few accidents may occur. This is because the streets will be free from ice and snow and driving will be a lot safer. Heating bills will also be significantly lower.5.2 What are the benefits of the new strategies?Apart from helping the environment and the climate, there are further benefits that we could gain from our inventions.By instigating the idea of a gym cater by the people, we are reducing the burning of fossil fuels but we are also giving people the opportunity to do some exercise and hold water a healthier lifestyle. If we do give incentives people will be more willing to exercise as they will be gaining something while doing so. then we would be benefitting from a healthier community.Mobiles Using solar power instead of batteries is better for the environment compared to other electrical power. By using these solar powers for charging mobiles we would be saving the power of electricity and therefore reducing the electricity bill.Chairs We are continuously bombarded with advertisements regarding our health, stating that it is important to avoid school term for prolonged hours. But if by sitting we would be doing something for the environment, then one might say that we are getting something positive out of it. By these chairs we would therefore reduce energy consumption and thus also reduce the high energy costs.Since solar power is described as a zero emission or emission-free form of energy, the buildings covered with solar panels would therefore reduce greenhouse gases to a minimum amount.6. Black HatWe are using the black hat once again to outline what could be the malfunctions of our inventions.The idea of creating client-powered gyms has some limitations. One limitation could be that energy output from a single exercise machine is quite low, thus not commensurate enough to transmit energy in the gym.When we think about the mobile phones that work with solar power, we have to discuss what would happen if there is no sunniness during the day. This could be a problem because the mobiles wont work and the purpose of the idea would be redundant.The creation of the chairs might have certain problems. The first problem is that one may doubt the idea whether it is even possible to reach such a high temperature enough to generate electricity. The second issue could be that in order for the seats to be warm enough to generate electricity it would definitely require a long period of time. Furthermore, chairs of this type will be costly and it would not be ideal for schools to make use of them.Solar panels are expensive and so it could be difficult to cover a whole building. Also building solar energy projects does result in some greenhouse gases emissions, not from the solar panels themselves whilst they are working, but while we are installation the solar panels. When solar photovoltaic panels are damaged or disposed off incorrectly, they may create a more hazardous environment because they contain certain materials, like oils and molten salts, which are potential spills.7. Red HatWe used the red hat to express our feelings about climate change and global warming. We feel that this phenomenon is a serious problem that needs to be tackled in a way or another.The red hat was also used in order to express our feelings on the process of making this assignment. We felt that the assignment came along really good and we had good teamwork.Our feelings about global warming are that, whether it is really happening or not, we should still do something about it. Even if global warming is not really happening, we think that all the little things we have mentioned above do make a difference in improving our health and the environment. Thus if people are more aware about it they will be more willing to actually do something to help protect the environment.8. Blue HatTo conclude we used the blue hat to discuss what we think is the best solution. We all believe that we should start practicing some of the mentioned strategies and start making a change.Although there is still no scientific proof that the major cause of climate change and global warming is human activity, we think that everybody (from the young to the elderly) should start cooperating with one another and start paying more attention for our own sake.

Process Intensification In Chemical Engineering Engineering Essay

offset Intensification In chemic Engineering Engineering EssayProcess Intensification (PI) is a plan in chemical engineering which first defined back in 1970 sparked by the need to reduce capital cost involved in a peculiar(a) production system This was first pi unmatchableered by ICI to reduce form volume without sacrificing its production capacity 1, Dautzenberg (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001).There was a first international league in 1995, International Conference for Process Intensification in the chemical Industry. Ramshaw was the early scholar who worked on swear out intensification philosophical foundation, defined PI as a strategy for making outstanding reductions in the size of a chemical plant to achieve a given production objective (Ramshaw, 1995). Process intensification involves dramatic reduction in chemical plant equipments by installation or individual equipment volume as presented by (Ramshaw, 1995) and (Stankiewicz, 2003). By mentioning dramatic reductions, Ra mshaw mentions of miniaturizing volume by the order of 100 to 1000.This definition by Ramshaw is quite limited and is cited in Stankiewicz (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000) as being too narrow that it discussed more on size reduction. PI can be defined as intensification on particular desired effect and size reduction is one of m each desired results that can be achieved through PI. This definition is widened by Stankiewicz definition of turn intensification as any chemical engineering discipline that leads to a substantially smaller, cleaner and more energy-efficient technology is bidding intensification (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000).BHR Group defines process intensification as Process intensification is a revolutionary approach to process and plant aim, discipline and implementation. Providing a chemical process with the very(prenominal) environment it needs to flourish results in better products, and processes which are safer, cleaner, smaller, and cheaper. PI does not just re com e forward old, inefficient plant with tonic, intensified equipment. It can repugn business models, opening up opportunities for new-fashioned patentable products and process chemistry and change to just-in-time or distributed manufacture (BHR Group, 2003).This has been widely accepted (try to connect references) as definition of process intensification in chemical industry.Process intensification can be categorised into both types of approaches which are (1) methodology-based approach and other one is (2) equipment-based approach.Figure Process intensfication and its components (from Stankiewicz et al. 2004).This major potpourri of two approach in process intensification is excessively presented and some of the latest existing industrial examples are given in an article in The Chemical Engineer journal (King, et al., 2010).Reaction Engineering involves Sizing and bla bla blaReaction engineers spend a lot of efforts and ingenuity in enhancing nuclear nuclear nuclear nuclear reactors performance by studying and implementing any optimum flight of stairs for the reaction system to be operated (Nicol, et al., 2001). bla bla blaIn reaction engineering, equipment-driven approach is about reactor improvement of rate of reaction by specific-volume, heat up canalize and mass transfer, hence may push chemical process or catalyst performance to achieve the best out of their potentials. Nowadays this is do in terms of enhancing conversion rates and reducing by-products formation by achieving concentration and temperature profiles 4, Multfunct.React. Agar pp. 379-381 (Agar, 2004).Catalysis is one of examples of process intensification approach by methodology in general sense, as it serves a function to reduce activation energy required for a reaction to make pass. In chemical industry in that respect are two major types of catalytic reactor physiques, being the structured and random reactors. These categories are re seeed later in the next section regardin g their benefits in reaction engineering process intensification.Some applications in chemical industry by process-intensifying equipment approach are integrating several unit movements or equipments into one multifunctional reactor, designing a new hybrid separation such as unstable distillation and responsive absorption 2, Trans (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000).Integration in between two equipments as examples has been reviewed by Stankiewicz (2003) 5 Stamicarbons Urea 200plus technology. In this paper, the reactor is designed incorporated with capacitor and known as consortium reactor. Size comparison shown that in this particular case size of equipment reduced to one-fourth of the conventional equipments (Stankiewicz, 2003) 5.The best reactor design and configuration is identified in a particular chemical process by knowledge available in its reaction chemistry, contacting pattern in terms of how and when individual elements pass through the reactor and contact one another and ho w long its identity changes. Furthermore, critical studies in reaction overall kinetics as well as its thermodynamics to which elements are exposed along their reaction trajectory is important in enhancing chemical reactor or in order to integrate reactor with any other unit operations.Through this reactor design concept, the most suitable reactor configuration is selected, e.g., ideal plug flow, packed-bed and etc.Overall kinetics bla.. bla.. bla..In considering thermodynamics, heat transfer within or crossways the boundaries of reactor is a crucial consideration to establish optimised reaction in multifunctional reactor, based on their activation energy needed for raw materials to react. In multifunctional reactor this is the scope where energy would be supplied or removed from an endothermic or exothermic main reaction to maintain a forward drive of chemical reaction. Energy balances are important at this stage and establishing temperature profile is needed from analysis for pur pose of chemical reaction intensification. Methods of heat transfer are likewise reviewed as at that place are categories of heat transfer methods known to be efficient in a particular reaction.This is the normal and widely accepted affairIndividual reactor design such as static mixer reactor, monolithic reactor, spinning disk reactor and etc, are examples of equipment-driven approach in process intensification (Stankiewicz, 2003). This examples are actually concepts revolves on developing component design and improvement of a particular reactor.Development of framework of process intensification.MAIN PARTS aPI Area of Concern in Reaction Engineering Applications.Heat exchange in reaction engineeringReactor usually contains high nitty-gritty of energy namely heat as reaction is progressing with reactor usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is essential to the reactions as thermic energy required for molecular bo nd to form or dissociate.Heat exchange in reaction engineering design has been studied extensively as heat transfer plays a significant role in all chemical reactions. Agar D.W. (2004) (Agar, 2004) has categorised heat transfer into four categories, namely convection, recovery regeneration and reaction (Figure ). This categorisation helps a lot in providing the best heat transfer solution in knowing which the best reactor configuration is in adding or removing heat.Figure Heat transfers for manipulating temperatures and concentration profilesin chemical reactors (from Agar, 2004).Convection is additional or removal of side-streams which intentionally limits the availability of one reactant, hence, improving selectivity, e.g. cold-shot reactor. In recuperation heat transfer there is an external heat transfer sources and sinks which operates to generate temperature differences in between reaction phase and heating medium by taking in or removing heat somewhere else, e.g. cooling tower s, fin fan coolers, heat exchangers and etc. Regeneration heat transfer makes use of the reactor internals, usually beds or packings as an accumulation of heat and mass in order to establish temperature profile and also concentrations. This temperature could not increase when in steady-state operation (Agar, 2004). Reaction is a straight-forward combination of main reaction with compatible supplementary reaction either thermally or materially, e.g. oxyhydrogenation (Agar, 2004).Operating temperature is achieved in reactor by one of these heat exchange approaches using various kinds of reactors accessories in multifunctional reactor such as heat jacket, tubes heat tracing or less normally by heating coil.Mass transfer in reaction engineeringIntegration of mass transfer and catalyst has been studied (since, whom, what are achievement so far.) and prominently applied in responsive distillations which will be reviewed in details below.Packing shapesMultifunctional reactors development . e.g Pool reactor, reactive distillation mainstay, heat exchanger reactorMultifunctional reactors are reactors that serve many functions of unit operations in sensation equipment. These reactors usually combined with separators either distillation or absorber, or with heat transfer equipments such as cooler, heater or condenser. Some of the examples arePool reactors (reactor-condenser)Reactive distillation columnsPool reactor were discussed in Stankiewicz 2003 5 (Stankiewicz, 2003), where combination of reactor and condenser yielded a novel equipment. Worlds first pool reactor is known developed by DSM Research back in 1945.A type of multifunctional reactor in which combined reactor and condenser was studied in details by Ben Amor et al (1999) (Ben Amor, et al., 1999) took methanol synthesis from its raw material, syngas in prototypes as main scope.(Add a bit of elaboration for advancement achievement).This is further developed and analysed in Haut, et al (2004) (Haut, et al., 2004)Heat exchanger reactor is designed by combining reactor, heat exchanger and scrubber by thePI in multifunctional reactor design.Multifunctional reactor has been a good example of process intensification by equipment-driven approach. Process intensification in multifunctional reactors were presented inPros Examples in practicedCons ThereSeveral functions or processes are designed to occur simultaneously in multifunctional reactors. One of many examples of these reactors is fluidised catalytic cracker (FCC) that has two reactions occur in one unit operation namely cracking and another is removal of coke in hydrocarbon (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001).IssuesImplementationMAIN PARTS bChemical reactors often used catalysts in its operations as they provide easier path for reaction to happen that the activation energy is lowered with their presence in reaction phase. Two general categories of catalytic reactor configuration are random catalytic reactor and structured catalytic reactor.Str uctured catalysts has been paid attention ergodic catalystsReactive distillation is one of many examples of process intensification in multifunctional reactor.One of many good examples in process intensification by integrating of unit operations is the reactive distillation in which reaction phase is put together with separation phase in single equipment. This has been call as pool reactor (Stankiewicz, 2003 5) (Stankiewicz, 2003). Reactive distillations uses column packing which made by the catalyst material as the reactants pass through the column will react and the separation takes place along the column throughout the packingThis was initiated by the studies.. where column internals which use conventional packing shape with materials that could probably be replaced with catalytically compatible materials to act as forward reaction equilibrium for more yields.An example of this ground-breaking new packing is Super X-pack (structured packing) designed and manufactiured by Nagaok a International Corp., able to reduce size of column down to five times smaller compares to conventional column and much lower pressure drop across the packing. This dramatic reduction of equipment size was illustrated as comparison to conventional applications by Stankiewicz (2003) 5 (Stankiewicz, 2003) as shown in figure (Figure ).Figure Super X-pack revolutionary packing fordistillation columns by Nagaoka International Corp.Sulzer Chemtech developed KATAPAK-S packing as catalytic packing and this is packing has been studied in details regarding the geometry of flow channel, hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance in Behrens et. al. (2006) 9 (Behrens, et al., 2006). Modelling of fluid hold-up, pressure drop and mass transfer were conducted specifically based on this Sulzers KATAPAK-S as the main focus in this publication. This knowledge is crucial for further developments and applications. Stankiewicz (2003) (Stankiewicz, 2003) is also cited in this paper in terms of combini ng reactors and separators.Future researches on these Super X-pack and Sulzers KATAPAK-S are potential development of catalytic version of this packing. From process-intensification rate of view this could possibly be the breakthrough shift in vast reduction of column size and a key step up in reactive distillation that will bring a extensive benefits in chemical industry.Parkinson (2000), Drip drop in column internalsApplications in Chemical Industry.Catalytic reactive distillation has been commercially used in chemical industry (DeGarmo J.L., 1992) 8 (DeGarmo, et al., 1992). One of the examples of applications in chemical industries is the Methyl Acetate separative reactor technology development by Eastman Chemicals. This is presented by Siirola (1995) 12 (Siirola, J. J. Eastman Chemical Company, 1996). This has been cited in Stankiewicz (2003) 5 to reflect the extensive reduction in plant size. This massive plant size of seven tasks is integrated into single piece of equipment. Distillation, extractive distillation, reaction, reactive distillation are the discrete tasks which have been combined into one column. As the result, numbers of equipment are reduced to 3 from conventional plant that has 28 equipments. This is shown in figure (label figure below)Figure 4 Plant integration in methyl acetate separative reactor process by Eastman Chemical(from Siirola 1996 13).Benefits (to relate this point of integration benefits in between 5, Stankiewicz, Ramshaw,1999 cost reduction and 6, Hendershot safety regarding integrated unit operation e.g. pool reactor, in reactive distillation)Cost reduction on the major plant item was the primary objective of PI, but other benefits comes along with this reduction of costs such as structural work, earth/civil work for large vessel foundations, installations and labour as well as less tube-shaped structure work needed (Ramshaw, 1999). period looking into process intensification from safety point of view this equipment integ ration .. (Hendershot, 2004)This can reduce the risk of reaction stage while in operation as reducing the size of the plant means minimising hazardous material usage concept proposed by Kletz (Kletz, 1996). The possible opportunity for chemical fugitive through pipe connection in between unit operations is also eliminated as what you dont have cant leak (Kletz, 1978). This simpler plant is the result one looking for in achieving the objective in process intensification. Smaller plant is one of the objectives in process intensification and parallel with the concept of mentioned above in introduction (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000).Potentials of further development of reactive distillationPool reactor was started as RD program by DSM Research back in 1945 and after 51 years, the technology was established and secure in 1996 in urea production known as Urea 2000plus technology. The first commercial plant was commissioned in 1998 when start-up of first Urea 2000plus pool reactor plant.Stam icarbons Urea 2000plus technology reduced the size of installed equipments from early establishment at total height of 78 metres .. (Bakker, 2004).ReactorStripperCondenserscrub brushPool CondenserPool ReactorUrea 2000plus technologyConventional urea technologyCUsersdynaPicturesMP Navigator EX2010_10_03Urea 2000Plus Pool Reactor2.jpgFigure 5 reducing of size by integration of reactor, condenser and scrubber featured in StamicarbonsUrea 2000plus technology (from Bakker, 2004).MAIN PARTS cModelling of process intensification.ModellingModelling of Krishna Taylor (2000)MAIN PARTS dProcess intensification for safety.In establishing a chemical plant nowadays, there are massive lists of safety legislations need to be adhered. One of the best practices in chemical industry is to construct a plant with elements of inherent safety. Inherent safety and intrinsic safety mean the analogous and would be used interchangeably from this point onwards. Process intensification is an important aspect that needs to be implemented in achieving an inherently safer chemical process and plant.Process intensification for inherent safety concept has long been establish has beenIntrinsic safety in reactor configuration and operation is a crucial element since reactor is a heart of a chemical manufacturing plant. Being the centre of a process containing various components of chemicals as raw materials are introduced and as reactions took place there would be mixture of products and normally more than two by-products. Reactor also traditionally contains high amount of energy namely heat as operational with usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is where energy would be supplied or removed as stated before in the introduction.From the point of equipment integration reviewed before, reactor combination with other unit operations such as distillation, condenser, scrubber or heat exchanger is another approach in process inte nsification, i.e equipment-driven approach (King et. al. 2010) 10.MAIN PARTS eBarriers and potential prospects of process intensification in reaction engineering.Besides wide-ranging advancement in PI in reaction engineering, there are several difficulties known in holding back the research and implementation of technologies. This occurs especially in upscaling from lab or master scale to commercial scale.In 1998 AIChEs Center for Waste Reduction Technologies organised two workshops that has recognised barriers for reactive/hybrid separations and as agreed there were terzetto categories of technical and nontechnical difficulties which areTechnical gaps, such as lack of simulation and scale-up capability, lack of validated thermodynamics and kinetic data, lack of materials (compatible materials, e.g., integrated catalysts/sorbents, membrane materials) as these materials have to be developed specifically for the purpose of new process chemistry, and lack of high-level process synthe sis methodology.Technology transfer barriers, lack of experts in multidisciplinary team in process integration approach, lack of communality of problems (each application has unique technology) and lack of models/prototypes on a reasonable scale (most of the studies still regarded as light which involves small-scale researches).General barriers, such as higher standards, to require implementation of new technologies, as opposed to conventional technologies, lack of process economics (as new technologies have not been proved to be feasible as there is no commercial model available) and fear of risk in operating new technologies.Besides those difficulties, future opportunitiesCONCLUSIONSThe implementations of process intensifications transform conventional chemical engineering unit operations into a revolutionary process technology whether by integration of several unit operations or by altering intrinsic chemical process elements to eliminate unnecessary process bottlenecks. Changes usually measured by the substantially cost improvement, progress delivery/process time, 3, Re-Engineering chem

Value Chain analysis of Cathay pacific

Value Chain analysis of chinaw be pacificCathay peaceable is an international airline registered and based in Hong Kong, offer scheduled passenger and cargo go to 117 destination in 36 countries and territories .The club was founded in 1946 and re mains deeply committed to its home base, making substantial investments to develop Hong Kong as one of the beingnesss leading global transportation hubs. In addition to decease of 128 wide-bodied aircraft, these investments include catering, aircraft upkeep, ground handling companies and the corporate headquarters, Cathay Pacific city at Hong Kong airport.In year 2007 Cathay Pacific increasing their nodes year by year. They got highest passenger load and they record passenger numbers with an average load factor of 81.1%. The capacity is gain by 3.9% with the close of the increase towards the end of the year.2008 was a difficult year for the company. While the worry picture was in first half of the year was positive but former(a) half was not fortunate due to more or less political reason and higher fuel cost. Because of this reason company got loss in year 2008.In year 2009 was quite sincere for the company environment. They got profit of HK$4,694. This comp ars to the loss of HK$8696 from the previous year. In 2009 they try to ensure that standard the face of an unprecedented downturn in business.Lets see the inherent and immaterial environment changes in company environment. During current era they made some changes their outline and services.Value Chain analysis of Cathay pacificC.P.(Cathay pacific) is one of the mark airline company in air line industry. It always competes with dissimilar airline company. It competes with distinct airlines company for its status and notoriety. Now a days C.P. is underwent for changes its public figure in market and in like manner try to solve problem. So C.P. is made brand- immature strategies to solve problem which they are facing. The main concepts of new -sprung(prenominal) strategies are to increase a number of clients and likewise try to full fill services which demanded by the clients. C.p. vigilance also sure about that this strategies related to services and technologies nates be useful to compete against another(prenominal) airlines company.Inbound(internal) logisticsRelated to its internal logistics C.P. builds nifty relationship and mutual aid with its suppliers. Related to this point internal logistics does not postulate to its market position so positively. The main reason is that all airlines industry are getting same benefit from its suppliers.OperationCathay Pacific providing a facility to passengers and they believes that their business are carrying experience to the passengers. Loyalty is a main key factor for every business. The main key factor for committedness is emotional bonding with passengers and this factor is helpful for C.P. to attract customers for repurchase airline harvests. The biggest dissimila rity of C.P. to its competitors is its people. The C.P. management is always trying to build bond between product development and customers expectation. C.P. is always trying to give good services to its passengers and passengers always feel welcomed, respected. The passengers always feel that they are travel in good and right services.For improving customers services C.P. develop cultural changes within airline. They develop new program ilk service straight from heart for improving customer services. In this program they try to express about its understanding related importance of the people in organization and their contribution in their success. For providing a excellent customer service they using following steps.Generating a atmosphere for positive per ashesance.Recruiting the accurate people and train properlyContinual enhancementServicesThroughout the world service is main key factor which can adding value of core corporate. All corporations throughout the world are increas ing their value by offering various services.Cathay Pacific is always focusing on their services. Main aim of the C.P. is to provide superior services to their customers and to turn in to world most wholesome liked airline. C.P. aware about that character reference of service set them in good position from its competitors. C.P. also committed about on eon performance to aim, maintaining and growing international route network, and increasing flight frequency to make their position in marketThey providing their services match to their dodging like services straight from heart and they are quite successful in their market. C.P.. Not only fulfill the costumers needs and aims not just to meet, Cathay Pacific goes beyond ensuring felicity to strengthen the loyalty of costumers and enhance the profit-ratio of the airline.For achieving a target market position C.P. uses Differentiation. According to this strategy C.P. offers to their customers wide product ranges and higher quality p roducts to customers convenience.Technology developmentAs a technological point of view C.P. is also same as its competitors. C.P. was the first airline who announced to plans to install net profit in flight. Then they go for their process and now a days they providing internet to all flights. C.P. was the first to electronically link airbus air craft to its maintenance center. C.P. also invested their money in e-business to become a Asias leading e-business airline company.The main idea behind this technology for C.P. is development of e-learning environment of company. Cathay Pacific made rapid progress to becoming Asias largest e-business airline. In all this technology C.P. introduced about improvement of passengers experience in three different wayOnline note inNotifyAirport loungesIn flight e-mail system commercializeing and SalesC.P. always trying to attract new as well as their regular clients by providing them different circle package. Their services always attract custo mers to travel by C.P. They always try to providing cheap tickets. They generate different discount rate on their tickets.Human resource managementThe employees in Cathay Pacific are contributing in all new strategy which is developed by company. C.P. stick main advantages against its competitors are its quality of services which are providing by its employees. C.P. promotes appropriate training to their staff to develop their employment strategy. C.P. also develop working environment for their staff. Company motivates their staff for their works. Company promote good leader for peculiar(prenominal) task to achieving a target.Porters five analysis likely EntrantsC.P. is prepared for new entrants and they are not greatly affected by new market entrants. The power of potential comers to C.P. is too weak. The main advantage for C.P. against new comers is government policies. They have to only focus their maintenance and low cost for their other expanses. These things are useful for C .P. against new comers in airlines market.Competitive rivalryThe main competitors of C.P. are chinaware airlines, Singapore airlines. C.P. is maintain their status in market by providing a best services, services are the main key division for C.P. this strategy gives C.P. to emotional bonding as well as better business relationship. C.P. implemented new strategy by providing a unique ephemeral experience to their clients.SubstitutesIn this part of the analysis, clients are mainly looking for products in lowest prizes which are introduced by company. Substitute can also in the form of another services that a consumer deems equipable for them necessitate and capabilities. Substitutes can providing high power to company. For C.P. makes substitutes in its different department and it will help to lose other companys client. C.P. is sure about those substitutes that they wont give them more problems.Buyer powerThe main advantage for all consumers in this industry is that buying power . There are lots of companies available in airline industry. So individual buyers have so many options to buy tickets. So C.P. has only the option that they must have to providing tickets in low prices.Supplier powerSupplier power is also highly influence in airline industry. Cathay Pacific also relate about this factor. Lets understand by example. If the fuel price is increases then C.P. have no other choice. C.P. is also increasing their fuel surcharge for each ticket.Mckinsey 7s object lessonShared valueC.P. always tries to make some innovative in their customers services so customers will take so less time in using their services as a process of transportation. The company sure that some services providing by them is never forgotten by their customers.StrategyC.P. management is always trying to learn from its previous. The only reason is behind is that they want to make their position in market. They always tries to not repeat their past mistake. The other strategy is they mak e their relation with their customers. They try to make emotional bonding with their consumers so that they can provide services that people will purchase. The other strategy is investing in new and better equipments.StructureCathay pacific company structure is decentralized. In C.P. company each and every decision are not made by only one person. Each and every department has an authority to contribute their idea on decision. Each and every department shares their ideas before the decision. This decentralized structure helps to take a complete decision that will helps to provide best services.SystemsC.P have reconfigure their system to check that weather new system are work as on their planning. And they also get conformed about that they providing services are in positive way. They also changes their system check to their departmental need.StaffCathay pacific always keeps in their mind that the employees are main need for the company. They consider them as an asset of company. Th ey hire employee according to job needs. They are providing proper and appropriate training to their employee. They also providing good financial and reward to their employee.SkillC.P. Accommodate a particular staff for particular services and the staff have ideas about how to provide best services. Company first checks their performance before providing them job. They also got conformed about all staff division have enough skill to use particular materials during their services.Ansoff analysisHere is short view of ansoff analysis of C.P. According to this analysis market development is suit their business. Product development is also good for their business. According to analysis, they can maximize their profit ratio in market development and product development.Market development.Market development is mainly define by business aims to sell its existing product in new market.C.P. also made some changes with their product in existing market. They change in interior lay out and conf iguration of air craft. According to their strategy space is a key comfort variable.http//airlinesflightnews.com/ search/cathay+pacific+market+development+to+moscowhttp//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704784904575112722646592114.htmlProduct developmentProduct development mainly defines by the business aims to sell new product in existing market..For increasing their customers and loyalty they trying provide more flights with more facilities. Before some time they announced that they will starts flights to Moscow. They also announced that they will starts three flights in a week. They also announced that they will start flight Auckland to Moscow. They also try to develop fastest as well as more convenient flights to their customers.Cathay pacific is also investing into product improvement across the fleet to enhance passenger satisfaction and long term product competitiveness.http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Will+Cathay+Pacifics+Passengers+Take+The+Airlines+Latest+Product-a061797 748Market penitrationMarket penitration is mainly define by business aim to sell their exisiting product in to existing market.For increasing their sells in the competitive market they make some discount rate on different product. C.P. is the first company who put their airline ticket in auction.They introduce new travel package for their customers. They are trying to introduce to their customers that they are selling complete tour package in low cost.DiversificationHong Kong Dragon Airlines Limited(Dragonair),an Asian regional airline registered and based in Hong Kong offering scheduled passenger and cargo services to 30 destinations in 10 countries with a fleet of 29 aircraft, is wholly subsidiary of Cathay Pacific. C.P. owns 18.1% of Air China.Twos analysisTows analysis is mainly concern with internal analysis of the company.StrengthDiversified geographical spreadYoungest fleet of aircraftStrong financial performanceWeaknessWeak turnover ratioUnbalanced business portfolioOpportun itiesGrowing Asia pacific marketGlobal airline marketThreatsFuel pricesIncreasing competition from low cost airlinesDiversificationCost leadership unite AcquisitionInternal developmentDiversificationNow days the competition in airline industry is very high. There are lots of airlines operated in Asia region. The main competitors for Cathay Pacific are Air Asia and Singapore airlines. Air Asia currently operates on 86 routes and its no frills service has obtained wide range in china market. And Singapore Airlines operates 88 destinations in 38 countries. Cathay Pacific should emphasize to diversify their routes.Merge AcquisitionCathay pacific has to merge with different airlines to avoid future threats. Merge and acquisition is one of the best choices. To avoid their threats Cathay Pacific has recently merge with Air China. C.P. merge with Air China for cargo services.Internal developmentFor internal development concern Cathay Pacific is higher then their competitors. It mainly lie ins with their internal asset. In year 2007 some of the prime competitors are Singapore Airlines, SAS. During this year the asset turn over ratio was 1.15 times higher then C.P. and the same year Singapore Airlines consist the asset turn over ratio is 0.59 times lower then Cathay Pacific. But in an Asian region Cathay Pacific hae good market and they have good internal development.

Speak Essays -- essays research papers

Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson, is first-person narrative about overcoming our habits and misfortunes. It takes place at Merryweather High over the course of a year. The main character, Melinda, is a fourteen year-old, who is just starting high schoolhouse. She is introduced, at first, as someone who doesnt speak to anyone, almost, at all. All the other citizenry in the high school seem to detest her. They say hateful things to her and throw objects at her. She seems non bothered by any of this. She is in her cause being.As the story progresses clues to why people hate her so much are revealed. There is mentioning of a party that Melinda, some how, ruined. People say that they or someone they knew got in trouble at the party. Melinda wants to forget that party. She blocks it out of her head. At every mention of that night Melinda cringes.Melinda doesnt like school. She hates the people and despises the classes. All of the classes tho art. She loves her art class. Their assignm ent for the year is to create a piece of art, depicting a given image, that makes a statement. Melindas object is a tree. She has trouble with the tree.Melinda starts school off in a bad way. She continuously gets in trouble with numerous teachers. She never does any homework. She mostly takes naps. Worst of all, in her mind, she has no friends. This does not change until she meets Heather, the new girl. Heather is...

The Drosophilia Hydei Essay -- Biology, Fruit Fly

drosophila hydei, commonly known as the fruit aviate, is about 3mm long and typically found in effect(p) unripe or rotted and fermenting fruit. Its automobile trunk is segmented into 3 different sections and covered in an exoskeleton. It has six legs, two small antennae, one duette of wings (which extend s slackly over its rear), and large, red compound eyes. The complex, compound eyes permit D.hydei to see in many directions, allowing it to sense nutrient or potential dangers (Miller 2000). Its eyes are sensitive to light intensity, therefore when shadows approach, signaling danger, the fly will flee or take flight (Demerec 1950 Miller 2000). Its body is a gray-brown color and shaped like an oblong oval, being larger in the front and narrowing toward the back. Tiny hairs cover the entire body, which allow the fly to sense movements in the air. These hairs alert them of disturbances such as approaching predators (Demerec 1950 Miller 2000). The pupae from which the Droso phila hydei hatch are orange-brown in color and are slightly larger than the adult fly. Males and females are differentiated by the stripe on the back of the males, as well as size. Males have broader stripes and tend to be smaller, whereas the stripes on a female are narrower and they will be larger in size (Miller 2000). In order to thrive, a pabulum source of yeast and sugar must be present, as is the case with fermenting fruit. The mouth of D. hydei is specifically shaped in order to take up liquid food sources (Miller 2000). The range of Drosophila hydei is broad and it exists in many different habitats, ranging from temperate to wet forests (Bateman 1972). Since very cold temperatures are found to have negative effect on insect survival, Drosophila hydei is not found near th... ...fested by wasp parasites and other harmful microorganisms. Ants also pose a threat to the D. hydei, very much carrying away the larvae, destroying their ability to survive (Bateman 1972). The predatorial relationship between ants and D. hydei larvae has a negative effect upon the fly, as they are being used as a food source, whereas the ant benefits, as it is getting a food source. Since Drosophila hydei is prey for so many species, its removal would be detrimental to the many species that prey upon it.Overall, Drosophila hydei is a unique species, capable of residing in a large range of habitats, temperature and light conditions. Much research has been done to determine the affect of abiotic factors upon these organisms. Differences in temperature and light in particular are shown to affect the behavior, growth and reproduction of the species.

Giotto Bizzarrini and the Bizzarrini BZ2001 :: essays papers

Giotto Bizzarrini and the Bizzarrini BZ2001When youre to look upon the Bizzarrini BZ-2001, youd see that there are no bounds to the conceit of Italian car stylists. The BZ-2001 is the work of Giotto Bizzarrini whose portfolio includes many past exotic cars. Right now, the BZ-2001 rides on the tubular chassis of a Ferrari Testarossa, and is powered by the Ferraris 380-horsepower flat-12-cylinder engine. plainly true to past Bizzarrini designs, plans are afoot to switch to American small-block V-8 power, and to discard the Ferraris frame for a chassis built solely of carbon fiber. With much power and less weight than the car has now, performance should be phenomenal. Many people might think that this is an all-Italian automobile, but its not. It was first started when Berry Watkins, who is a resident of California, sketched a few crude line bill of exchanges of what this dream car could look like. He then showed these drawings to Ing. Giotto Bizzarrini at the Pebble Beach Concours DElegance event. At this event, Berry Watkins was displaying his Scaglietti Berlinetta Corvette, which was considered by many that attended to be one of the most beautiful Italian bodied sports cars at Pebble Beach that year. Ing. Giotto Bizzarrini was very impressed with Berrys work. Giotto Bizzarrini and Mr. Watkins transfer ideas about what a future sports car or super car would look like. It was evident that Giotto Bizzarrini was very interested in the ideas Mr. Watkins offered. While all of the sketches and drawing were being exchanged, an agreement was signed in May of 1991 between Giotto and Giuseppe Bizzarrini and Mr. Watkins whereby the concept automobile would be the responsibility of Bizzarrini, and the construction, finance and development would be the responsibility of Mr. Watkins. In April of 1990, Luis Romo was elected to be the BZ-2001 project manager. Luis had been the vagabond Manager for the Dodge Viper Prototype at Metal Crafters. He was also on the Maz da Miata design team and was the Project Manager for the Plymouth Speedster and many, many other exciting development projects. To realize Bizzarrinis concept drawings and sketches, Luis translated them into a 1/5 clay model which was then compared to the original 1/8 plastic model presented to Bizzarrini and there was basically very little similarity in proportion or style. There were many designers that came from all part of the world to work on the CAD (Computer Aided Design) part of the project.

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Shakespeare M

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights DreamShakespeare, in his A Midsummer Nights Dream, practises his characters to cast a sense of derision over the use of the predilection. The lunatic, the lover and the poet are thrown together all on one line, and it is implied that the latter two are as crazy as the first. (Midsummer Nights Dream, V.1.7) Despite this seeming scorn for plays and their ilk, Shakespeare is implementing a strong irony. Characters who scorn the imagination are no more than imaginings themselves and, by this, Shakespeare is actually reinforcing a positive discover of plays of the imagination. Theseuss denial of imaginations worth reads more as apophasis than as any true refutation. Even as he scorns the poet for giving joyous nothing/ A local habitation and a name, he vividly conjures images through metaphor. (V.1.18) Indeed, he is no more than an imagining named by a poet himself which lends the writing still depth on multiple levels. On Shakespeares le vel, Theseus as a character lends himself well to irony he is a sort of Fool in disguise. His witty wordplay and flowing metaphors are backed by his confidence that such shaping fantasiesare more than cool reason ever comprehends. (V.1.5) Theseus considers himself a shaft of cool reason and thus enters the irony, for he dis retrieves his own existence. Only some of the audience may have understood the irony. Shakespeares plays had a wide audience, and both nobles and groundlings that is, peasants attended. The playwrights humor had to keep all classes entertained the nobles because they sponsored the theater (and increased his fame), and the groundlings because their rotten fruit would otherwise voice their displea... ...inforces the positive image of plays which Shakespeare wishes to personate that is, it shows that plays do matter, whether or not you believe they can affect the world just as, in the play, magic does have a hand, whether or not its subjects believe in i t. To strengthen his message, Shakespeare draws parallels between the cynical voice of reason, Theseus, and the nobles in his intended audience. Thus, said nobles might see how little good Theseuss cynicism ultimately did him, and that, as he was wrong in disbelieving in the fairies power over the lovers, he might be wrong in disbelieving the worth of imagination and plays, and their power over the world of cool reason.Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Edited Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. A Midsummer Nights Dream. Folger Shakespeare Library ed. New York Washington Square Press Drama, 1993.