Comparison of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Antidepressants

Comparison of Electroconvulsive Therapy and AntidepressantsBrief 101151 accessionDepression is unitary of the more than than harsh forms of mental illness. It has been estimated that approximately 9.5% of the community pass on suffer with slack at any one magazine (Robins and Regier 1990) and that 17% of hatful will suffer with first at whatsoever point in their life (Blazer et al 1994). Defining natural depression is non a straight forward task. This is due to the fact that it behind endure from normal unhappiness through persistent and pervasive ways of emotion and thinking to psychosis (Hale 1997). Having verbalize this, a itemise of different features which washbasin be associated with depression reach been identified by Hale (1997)Persistent blue moodLoss of interest and enjoymentReduced energy and haggard activityPoor concentration and attentionLow self reckon and low confidenceIdeas of guilt and unworthinessBleak pessimistic views of the proxIdeas or act s of self harm or suicideDisturbed pileDiminished appetiteIt is also possible to distinguish between tercet major types of depression. The first form of depression is Dysthymia which involves immense- destination inveterate depressive symptoms which do non necessarily disable the individual. The second form is bipolar Disorder which involves the patient experiencing periods of mania and depression through cycles of mood change. The tierce and final category concerns Major Depression. The symptoms involve with this mental illness go to ensure that it is difficult for the patient to work, study or to enjoy activities as well as them having difficulties regarding eating and sleeping patterns. It is this ordinal and most drab form of depression which will be the concentrate on of the following discussion. give-and-take OF SEVERE DEPRESSIONA number of different cash advancees to the handling of depression take up been taken which ar based on a turn over of theoretical persp ectives. These acknowledge approaches such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, psychoanalysis and those based on increasing exercise levels. However, perhaps the most common treatment for depression involves the using up of antidepressant drug drugs (Ameri mass Psychiatric Association 1993) These acknowledge medications such as Tricyclic (which is cheap and effective but does have expression make which limit compliance), Selective Serotonin Up-Take Inhibitors (which has fewer side effects but less effective for disturbed sleep) and Monoamine (which, in r atomic number 18fied movements, squirt be fatal when mixed with certain foods) Although antidepressants can be effective, look for has indicated that they whitethorn not be the optimal solution. For example, Thomas et al (1982) conducted a study involving 115 participants who were randomly eachocated to receive either a combination of antidepressants or a placebo. The medication was found to have a world-shaking effect but non-compliance was identified as a meaning(a) problem. It has been estimated that non-compliance regarding antidepressant drugs is between 20 and 59% (Johnson 1973 and Thomas et al 1982). notwithstanding look into has also describe that patients who atomic number 18 suffering with depression are still at a epoch-making risk of relapse or recurring symptoms even when they have been adhering to their medication programme for a long period of magazine (Grunhaus et al 1990). It whitethorn also be the wooing that medication is not suitable for all forms of depression. For example, Hale (1997) suggested that antidepressants whitethorn not be effective for psychotic depression. Therefore, as a result of the potentiality drawbacks of non-compliance, relapse and not being effective for all forms of depression, efforts have been do to identify other approaches for the treatment of loathsome depression.One of the most disputable treatment approaches is Electroconvulsive Therapy ( e lectroshock therapy). It was first apply in 1938 by Cerletti and Bini (Linington and Harris 1988). It involves sending an electric current through the patients brain with the aim of bear on the release of neurotransmitters which will ultimately improve the patients mood. electroconvulsive therapy has obtained a somewhat negative reputation due to stories of bitten tongues and fractured bones and it is practically seen as a form of punishment quite a than treatment. However, look backs of its application have demonstrated that electroshock does have significant returnss compared to simulated ECT, when all procedures are followed without an electrical current actually being given (The UK ECT reexamination Group 2003). Whenever one is making decisions regarding the use of any given treatments, one must consider the clay of scientific evidence which has assessed the treatments efficacy and potentiality. The following retread will aim to consider the query which has assessed the efficacy and effectiveness of ECT as a treatment for tough depression in order to determine its effectiveness with reference to the use of antidepressants.RESEARCH QUESTIONThus, the following check out will aim to get along the question Is ECT an effective treatment compared with antidepressants in cases of difficult depression. The methodology which was employed within this question will now be outlined.LITERATURE SEARCHA opinionated review aims to integrate alive information from a comprehensive range of sources, utilising a scientific replicable approach, which gives a balanced view, hence minimising bias. It can also be stated that systematic reviews provide a means of integrating valid information from the question literature to provide a basis for rational decision making concerning the provision of healthcare.2.1 SOURCES OF DATAThe methodology employed within the research involved obtaining data from three break sources Computerised searches, Manual searches, an d the Internet. Each of these data sources will now be considered in more detail.2.11 COMPUTERISED SEARCHESThe methods used in this research will include a detailed computerised literature search. Multiple databases, both online and CDRom will be accessed to retrieve literature because they course credit the majority of relevant texts. The computerised bibliographic databases are-MEDLINEEMBASECINAHLPSYCHINFOBiological AbstractsCochraneSIGLEHowever because articles may not be correctly indexed within the computerised databases, other strategies will be applied in order to achieve a comprehensive search.2.1.2 manual of arms SEARCHESA manual search will be performed to ensure that all relevant literature is accessed. The manual searches will include-Books relevant to the things from university libraries and weather vane sitesInverse searching- by locating index terms of relevant ledger articles and textsSystematically searching reference lists and bibliographies of relevant journa l articles and texts2.1.3 THE INTERNETThe net income will provide a global perspective of the research topic and a searchable database of Internet files collected by a computer.Sites accessed will include-Department of Health home(a) Institute of Clinical Excellence face National Board of Nursing, Midwifery and Health VisitingGoogleBritish medical journal2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY WORDSA bent-grass of key spoken language will be used within the literature search. Elements of the research question will be used to provide the search terms. Therefore, the words Electroconvulsive Therapy, Antidepressants, Depression, strengthiveness and Evaluation will all be used.2.3 INCLUSION AND excision CRITERIATo ensure that the more relevant research studies are identified, a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria will be utilised. In order to be included in this research the studies will need to relate to the military rank of Electroconvulsive Therapy and relate to the treatment of depressi on. Furthermore, studies will be excluded if they are published in the beginning 1975 or if they are not usable in English.DISCUSSIONThis review has identified literature which has focussed on assessing the effectiveness of ECT in comparison to antidepressants regarding the treatment of severe depression. In order to structure the discussion, the research will be analysed with reference to the benefits of ECT regarding relapse, patients who are drug-resistant and those with severe depression in particular. The potential drawbacks of ECT will then be shortly considered before overall conclusions are drawn regarding the research question.3.1 RELAPSEStudies were dictated which highlighted the benefits of ECT regarding the reduction of relapse. For instance, Petrides et al (1994) reviewed the case histories of 33 patients who had been diagnosed with long term depression. A set of 21 patients were included in the study as a one category follow up report was available for analysis. Ea ch of the participating patients had been taking antidepressants for a significant length of time but were still experiencing relapses of depression. After the delivery of ECT it was reported that the number of patients with depression who suffered relapses fell from a normal rate of 50% to 33% at the one year follow up. For the patients with delusional depression in particular, the relapse figure fell from a normal rate of 95% to 42%. Based on this research it would appear that ECT can be more effective than antidepressants in terms of reducing relapse grade.A more recent and relevant study was conducted by Gagne et al (2000) which also involved the retrospective reviewing of patients notes. Two groupings of 29 matched participants were identified. The first group had only been taking antidepressants were as the second group had antidepressants along with ECT. At the two year follow up stage the relapse rates for those who had ECT was 52% compared to the 93% associated with those who only had medication. At the five year follow up stage, the relapse rate for the drug-only group had fallen slenderly to 73% where as the ECT group had fallen dramatically to vindicatory 18%. The average survival rate of the ECT group was 6.9 geezerhood which was significantly longer than the 2.7 years for the drug-only group. Therefore the research considered in this percentage would lead one to conclude that ECT can be more effective than antidepressants alone in terms of reducing relapse rates. Having said this, it should be noted that these research projects involved combining ECT with antidepressants rather than replacing them entirely.3.2 MEDICATION RESISTANT PATIENTSAlthough antidepressants are effective for many patients with depression, on that point are some groups for whom it is less effective. Rabheru and Persad (1997) reviewed the literature which focused on assessing the effectiveness of ECT for patients who were found to be resistant to antidepressant medicat ion. They found that the research evidence indicated that ECT could have significant benefits for medication resistant patients. These benefits were curiously relevant for elderly patients with depression. An important point to make here, however, was demonstrated by research conducted by Prudic et al (1996). They reported that the effectiveness of ECT may aggravate as the time for which the patient has suffered with severe depression increases. Therefore, the approach of using ECT when the patient has been found to be resistant to antidepressants may not be the optimal approach as the possible benefits of ECT may have been reduced. Therefore, this section has demonstrated that ECT could be unspoilt for patients who have severe depression and have not been significantly helped by the use of antidepressants. However, it is important to note that the use of ECT may decline over time.3.3 PATIENTS WITH SEVERE DEPRESSIONFurther research has indicated that ECT may well have particular benefits over antidepressants with regards to patients who have severe depression. Sobin et al (1996) conducted research to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT for patients with a range of levels of depression. They reported that 70% of the participants responded significantly as a result of the ECT and that significant improvements were make by those who had severe depression. Other research has also leant run for the assertion that ECT is particularly beneficial for patients with severe depressive symptoms, mood congruent delusions and those who are at prominent risk of committing suicide (Martin 1989, Schatzberg 1992, Persad 1990, Philibert et al 1995 and concede et al 1996). It appears that the attributes of ECT are particularly suited to the treatment of people with severe depression. It may be that the more severe a mortals depressive symptoms are, the more drastic and severe the treatment approaches need to be for them to be effective.CONCLUSIONSThis review has considered re search which has investigated whether ECT is effective in treating severe depression when compared to antidepressant drugs. Based on this research it can be concluded that ECT, when combined with antidepressants, does appear to significantly reduce patients relapse rates. It can also be said that the evidence supports the view that ECT can be effective for patients who have been found to be resistant to antidepressants. The third and final conclusion is that ECT appears to be particularly suited to patients with the more severe forms of depression. Having said this, some criticisms need to be acknowledged regarding this body of research. For instance, Rose et al (2003) highlighted three major drawbacks. Firstly 1 in 3 patients who are given ECT report persistent entrepot loss. Secondly, the research studies conducted by clinicians in this area report more decreed results than those conducted by consumer agencies. This may be due to the selection of participants or the focus of the research questions. The third and final drawback outlined by Rose et al (2003) is that the studies which support ECT rarely assess the long term effects or cognitive functioning and the majority of them were conducted many years past using small exemplifications. The research is also limited because it mainly uses case studies (Thienhaus et al 1990), naturalistic studies (Aronson et al 1987) or retrospective reviews of patient notes (Stiebel 1995). some randomly controlled trials were highlighted by this literature search. Such criticisms must be unploughed in mind when considering the effectiveness of ECT in comparison to antidepressants for treating severe depression.5.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEGuidelines produced by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence, based on a review of Department of Health and Cochrane database research, recommends that ECT be used for rapid and short term improvements for patients with severe depression or who are at significant risk of suic ide (Tharyan and Adams 2003). However, as highlighted by the regal College of Psychiatrists (2003) in their response to these guidelines, the use of ECT may have a wider scope than this approach would suggest and the guidelines may ensure that patients who may benefit from ECT are not given the treatment. Further research in this area will provide a basis upon which to test the appropriateness of these guidelines and the current use of ECT. It would appear that ECT can have significant benefits for patients with severe depression but that more efforts need to be made to tackle the negative impressions which may be associated with this treatment such that it can become a more accepted approach. The main implication of this review for practice is that ECT appears to have a significant role to tinker in the treatment of severe depression but that it is likely to be alongside the use of antidepressants rather than instead of them. This strategy will alter the most comprehensive trea tment programme to be delivered to the patients and ensure that their chances of a full recovery are maximised.REFERENCESAmerican Psychiatric Association (1993). hold guidelines for major depressive disorder in adults. American Journal of abnormal psychology 150(suppl) 4.Aronson TA, Shukla S, and Hoff A (1987) Continuation therapy after ECT for delusional depression a naturalistic study of prophylactic treatments and relapse. Convulsive Therapy 3251259MedlineBlazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, and (1994) Swartz MS. The prevalence and dispersal of major depression in a national community sample the national comorbidity survey. American Journal of Psychiatry151979-6.Gagne, G. G., Furman, M. J., Carpenter, L. L. and Price, L. H. (2000) Efficacy of continuation ECT and antidepressant drugs compared to antidepressants alone in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1960-1963Grunhaus L, Pande AC, and Haskett RF (1990) Full and abbreviated courses of maintenance elect roconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy 6130138Johnson DAW. (1973) preaching of depression in general practice. British medical Journal ii 18-20.Linington, A. and Harris, B. (1988) Fifty years of electro-convulsive therapy. British Medical Journal, 297, 1354-1355Martin BA (1989) Electroconvulsive therapy for depression in general psychiatric practice. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 14413417National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003). Guidance on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. capital of the United Kingdom NICE, 2003. www.nice.org.uk/pdf/59ectfullguidance.pdf (accessed 9 Jun 2003).Persad E (1990) Electroconvulsive therapy in depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 35175182MedlinePetrides G, Dhossche D, Fink M, and Francis A (1994) Continuation ECT relapse prevention in affective disorders. Convulsive Therapy 10189194Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, and Winokur G (1995) Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in gerontological unipolar de pression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56390394MedlinePrudic J, Haskett RF, Mulsant B, Malone KM, Pettinati HM, Stephens S, et al. (1996) Resistance to antidepressant medication and short-term clinical response to ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry153985-92.Rabheru K, and Persad E (1997) A review of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42476484Robins LN, Regier DA (Eds) (1990). Psychiatric Disorders in America, The Epidemiologic Catchment theatre of operations Study, New York The Free Press.Rose D, Wykes T, Leese M, Bindman J, and Fleischmann P. (2003) Patients perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy systematic review. British Medical Journal326 1363-5.Abstract/Free FullTextSackeim HA (1994) Continuation therapy following ECT directions for approaching research. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 30501521Schatzberg AF (1992) Recent developments in the acute somatic treatment of major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53(Mar suppl)2025Sobin C, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Nobler MS, and Sackeim HA. (1996) Who responds to electroconvulsive therapy? British Journal of Psychiatry169322-8.Stiebel VG (1995) Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for chronically mentally ill patients a case series. Psychiatric Service 46265268Tharyan P, and Adams CE (2003) Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane schizophrenia Group. Cochrane Database Systematic Review(1) CD000076The UK ECT Review Group (2003) . Electroconvulsive therapy systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety in depressive disorders. Lancet361 799-808Thienhaus OJ, Margletta S, and Bennett JA (1990) A study of the clinical efficacy of maintenance ECT. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51141 receiptsThompson J, Rankin H, Ashcroft GW, Yates CM, McQueen JK, and Cummings SW. (1982) The treatment of depression in general practice a comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo. Psy chological medicament 12 741-751Medline.

Comparison The Lovely Bones and The Liars Club

Comparison The Lovely swot up and The Liars ClubIn this term musical theme I will equality deuce carrys that I legitimately c atomic number 18 The agreeable b superstars and The liars situation. I obstinate to write just somewhat them, because I believe that both stories are truly similar and very(prenominal) well written. I a equal regain that the authors of these books are admirable wo workforce who tolerate struggled with deportment, society and family. For this reason, I consider important to compare the two books. I will start to write nigh the making lovely b whizs. At the beginning, I did non penury to finish schooling the book, because it is a embarrassing story that sheds almost the raping of a trivial girl. Therefore, I felt so angry and frustrating. alone then I understood that I had to continue reading the book if I cute to know the meaning of it.The point of view of the lovely bones is start-off someone and it is narrated by Susie Salmo n, the girl that was horribly raped and murdered by her neighbor. The entire story is active the grief that the Salmon family is experimenting after Susies death. However, thither was a member of the family who suffered the most Susies suffer, Jack Salmon. This man loved her girl so much that when he knew that she was killed, life became a hell for him. As a result, his marriage was very affected and his wife cheated on him. I found a bring up that explains the relationship between Susie and her fatherHis feature father had taught him how to build ships in bottles. They were something my niggle, infant, and companion couldnt care less close to. It was something I adored. The den was full of them. He would call me in whenever he was entrap (Sebold, Alice p, 45)Unlike her siblings, Susie enjoyed her fathers hobby. This man loved to build ships in bottles, because his father taught him how to do them. So, he shared this hobby with their children, nonwithstanding the p rovided one who liked and care about it was Susie because she had a very good relationship with her father. Therefore, when she passed international his father Jack indigenceed to die.On the other yield, bloody shame Karr in her book The liars partnership showed that her relationship with her father was very special and unique. For example, she mentioned that he used to be a very lovely father with her and her child and that even though he was many years in the war, when he came back home he al miens wanted to spend epoch with his family. However, bloody shames father did non maintain a dependable relationship with the suspire of the family, because his mother in law did not like him and as a result, his marriage was falling a disjoint. This plagiarize explains the situation he was living sire threatened disarticulate a lot of times, and Daddys response to it was usually a kind of patient eye-rolling. He never spoke of divorce as a n option. If I asked him worried quest ions about a specially nasty fight, hed just say I shouldnt blabber bad about my mother, as if even suggesting they might split up insulted her somehow (Karr, bloody shame pa, 35)As we can see, bloody shames father did not want to get divorce maybe because he wanted to be with her two children. Moreover, he state to bloody shame that even though he had conflicts with his wife, she had to love her mother no matter what. I count this man showed that he was a serious conserve and a good father since he always asked bloody shame to respect her mother. This case is very similar to the conflict that Susies parents had in the book The lovely bones. As we know, when Susie died, all the family struggled with the fact that she was not longer with them. individually of them faced Susies death differently. The father, for example, was obsessed to find the killer, the sister Lindsay did not want to talk about it, the brother was very innocent to realize that her sister had passed away and the mother decided to cheat on her husband to pardon the pain. I said before that Susies father and bloody shames were similar because both men were married with women whot, from my point of view, did not care about their children. Marys mother cared notwithstanding about herself. She just wanted to claim fun and get other husband that is wherefore she went on a trip with his Latin-American associate and left hand her children. Susies mother did the same thing when she decided to sack to another(prenominal)(prenominal) state in order to be alone and deal with her daughters death.THE consanguinity BETWEEN SIBLINGSI believe that in the two books that I decided to compare, the relationship between siblings is one of the most important topics. In this part of my term paper, I will compare Susies relationship with her brother and sister and Mary Karr relationship with her sister Lecia.Susie Salmon had one brother called Buckley and one sister called Lindsay. The tree of them wer e very closed and cared very much about each other. There is a quote in the book The lovely bones where Susie says that once she saved her brothers life.a three-year-old Buckley had swallowed it. Buckley was choking, his body bucking, and I carried him with Nate tracking into the garage, where my fathers precious Mustang sat. I put Buckley in the back and grabbed and grabbed the keys from the unused terra-cotta pots where my father hid them. I sped all the way to the hospital. if the hadnt been there, the doctor later told my mother you would have lost your little boy (Sebold, Alice p, 93,94)As the quote explains, Susie saved her brother because she loved him very much. She in addition had the courage to do it since many nation would not dare to do what Susie did. Susie loved Buckley so much that she did not think about anything but to safe her little brother. Later in the book, this strong connection is demonstrated when in one of the chapters, Buckley said to his soda that Sus ie touched his cheek and that he felt that Susie was seeing them from heaven.Susie alike got on well with her sister Lindsay. Both girls enjoyed existence together, not simply because they were sisters but also because they were the same age. As a result, when Lindsay knew that her sister was dead, she did not want to talk about this tragic event to anybody. For me, it is very understandable the way that Lindsay felt. Some people like her deal with death by being quite and reserved. Some others share their feelings in order to release their pain. notwithstanding what really cares is to remember the people who we love.Now, the author of The liars club also had a good relationship with her sister Lecia. These two girls suffered a lot not only because they had many problems in their home, but also because they have an pelter mother and a hysterical grandmother. I found a quote that explains their relationshipLecia and I both behaved like savages at any opportunity. When she was o nly twelve, Lecia could beat the dogshit out of any neighbor boy up to the age of fifteen. For my part, I can remember standing behind the waste pipe ditch in our yard cussing Carol Sharp for bloodying my nose (Karr, Mary pa, 40)In this quote, Mary Karr explains that she used to play pranks with her sister and that vista she had problems in home, she tried to forget them by playing with Lecia. From my point of view, it is very surd to live you life normally when you know that your family is hurting each other. For this reason, I admired Mary Karr very much, because she tried to forget all her problems. Unfortunately, when you are a child, all these family conflicts affect you and the only thing that you can do about it is to move on with your life just as Mary Karr did. On the other hand, I also believe that she was conscious about her family problems, but she could not do anything about it. I can not imagine what it feels like to live with a family that is full of traumas and th at does not care about you. For example, Mary Karrs grand mother was a bitter charr who did not love their grand children and who lived in the past. That is why Mary Karr did not suffer when her grand mother passed away. Instead, she felt relieved and free.Susie Salmon also had a special grand mother, but unlike Marys she was a good person who loved their grand children very much. This woman was an alcoholic but she took cared of their grand children while her daughter A great(p)ail decided to move to another state. These two women were so different, but as any human being they have many flaws. Now, in the next pages of my paper I will talk about the role of the mothers in the two books The lovely bones and The liars clubTHE ROLE OF A MOTHER IN A FAMILYIt is well know that a mother represents many important things in a family. She is the one who exacts care of her children, because she has a protective instinct that a father does not have. For this reason, it is unbelievable for me to understand why Susies mother abandoned their children in order to forget her dead daughter. I can understand that it is very aching to lose your daughter, but by abandoning your other children you are not release to settle down anything. Now, I also comprehend that as human beings we essential to have our space, because is our right. But when you have a family like Susies mother you also have to think about them.Another thing that also affect me was that Susies mother cheated on her husband. Even now I can not understand what she did that. There is a very good quote that explains Abigails side according to Susies point of viewLen kissed her forehead hard and closed his eyes. She took his hand and placed it on her breast. She whispered in his ear. I knew what was happening. Her rage, her loss, her despair. The whole life lost tumbling out in an arc on that roof, choke up her being. She needed Len to drive the dead daughter out (Sebold, Alice p, 152)This woman desired to forget her daughters death by cheating on her husband. She thought that her pain was going to disappear if she transferred all his sorrow in another person, but I think that is not the correct way to resolve our problems. She could have gone to a therapist or talking to her husband about Susies death. Infidelity is something that I can not comprehend.Unfortunately, Abigails infidelity did not bring Susie back. Instead, this deception caused Abigail more pain and more remorse to her life. At the end of the book, we know that Abigail returned with her family because Jack had a heart attack, but we never knew if she stayed again with them or if she decided to be brave enough in order to tell her husband that she had cheated on him with Len Fenerman.In the book The liars club Mary Karr explained that her mother was always worried about herself, just merely like Susies mother. You might think that I am judging these women very hard, but I just can not understand why they behaved that wa y with their children. I mean, when you decide to have children is because you know that you have to take care of them, yet there are some mothers that do the diametrical thing.Mary Karrs mother for example, tried to be a good mother, but I feel that she had a very hard background that did not allow her to live her life peacefully. Even Mary Karr recognized that when she done for(p) her book, it was very hard for her mother to read it. At the same time, Mary said that she was very supportive when the book was done. Another thing that it was hard to assimilate for Mary and her sister Lecia was to live with their stepfather Hector. He constantly had arguments with Marys mother and they did not have a good relationship. There is a quote that explains this situationOther nights were occupied with Mother and Hector fighting. The litany of his innate low-lifedness got sear into skull during this time. Hector was a pussy, was her main gripe. Also, he lacked gainful employment, which mean t Mother impeach him of sponging off her all the time.As this quote explains, Marys stepfather did not support his wife economically. Therefore, Marys mother argued with him and had many conflicts. Plus, he was an alcoholic who was worried more about drinking than about taking care of his wife, his house and his stepdaughters. When I think about the problems that Mary had to deal with, I really felt unforgiving for her. She was only a child when her parents got divorce and when he had to accept a new father figure. I can see Marys life like a quest. During her childhood, she lived so many bad things that make her stronger, but at the same time made her more vulnerable.In order to argue this term paper in the next to pages, I will talk about the most difficult topic in both books raping. The reason why I decided to write about it at the end, was because I want to reflect about how raping can change your life.TWO GIRLS WHO incapacitated THEIR INNOCENCEThe books that I decided to c ompare in this term paper talk about a very hard topic raping. In the lovely bones, the main character Susie Salmon was horribly raped and killed by her neighbor Mr. Harvey. This story is fiction, but the author of it was raped in real life. For that reason, she wrote this book.As we know, Susie Salmon was a fourteen year old girl who had a normal life and who wanted to fell in love for the first time. Unfortunately, all of her dreams were destroyed by a disgusting and nauseating man named Mr. Harvey. He took away Susies innocence when he raped her. later this, he decided to kill her so she could not accuse him of anything. But Susie was not dead in a one hundred percent, because her look went to heaven. She saw her family and her killer from there. She saw all the pain that Mr. Harvey had caused after he killed her. But she also saw that her family got over her death and moved on. hither is a quote in which Susie explains her rapingMr. Harvey made me lie still underneath him and listen to the beating of his heart and the beating of mine. How mine skipped like a rabbit, and how thudded, a hammer against cloth. We lay there with our bodies touching, and, as I shook, a powerful knowledge took hold. He had done this thing to me and I had lived. (Sebold, Alice p, 14)The only thing that I can say about this quote is that I can not imagine what this girl felt in that moment. For me, it is very difficult to understand how these criminals can exist. I mean, this man took advantage of a child who was not big or strong enough to champion herself. Killing a person is horrible, but killing a kidskin who is weak and innocent is the most despicable act in the world. From my point of view, Mr. Harvey was a scum of the earth who did not deserve to be alive, because she also killed other children. All of them were girls that had a life, dreams and hopes for the future. But this killer ruined their lives and left sorrow in their families.Finally, in the book The Liars club Mary Karr narrates that she was raped, when she was a little girl. This event changed her life and her perspective about the world. The quote saysHe pulled me off my shorts and underwear and threw them in the corner in a ball, over where I knew there could be spiders. He pushed down his shorts and put my hand on his thing, which was unlike any of the boys joke about hot dogs and garden hoses. It was hard as wood and felt big around and felt big around as my arm. He absorbed both my hands around it, and showed me how to slide them up and down (Karr, Mary p, 66)When I read this fragment of the book, I really felt so angry and frustrated. I can to imagine the desperation that Mary Karr experimented. She as Alice Sebold experienced how it felt to be raped and humiliated by a man. But at the same time this horrible experience made them successful and brave. So, my conclusion for this term paper is the following every person forms his character based on his personal experiences. As a c onsequence, in life we can follow two paths the one that is related with hate, retaliation and sadness and the one that is connected with love, success and hopes. I believe that the authors of the books that I compared followed the second path, because they decided to heal their emotional wounds in order to move on. That is a lesson that all human beings should learn. zero said that life is easy. Nobody said that life is pink color. However, god made us strong to achieve any objective that we have. He made us smart to understand that life is something that is full of bad and good moments. For this reason, these two authors, Alice Sebold and Mary Karr succeed when they decided to tell their stories to the world. They had a lot of pain in their lives, but they also decided to cure their traumas to move on and have a good life.

Effects Of Offenders And The Community Criminology Essay

Effects Of Offenders And The Community Criminology EssayThe utilise of immurement as a punitive and rehabilitative approach to offence has been around for centuries. The use of penitentiaries began in the 18th century in England. The British nightclub started a move forward from corporal punishment and to a greater extent towards im prison house house house house housement with the accept that it would re do the intellectual and body (Jackson, 1997). These changes way outu whollyy paved the way for the physical composition of penitentiaries through place Europe and onto the United States. Historic anyy, imprisonment was based on the invention of punishing those who wronged society, by inflicting suffering on the body. Today its strives to achieve its basic tenets consisting of punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation. In cerebrateing on the United States, over the foregvirtuoso thirty years the country has experienced an unprecedented rise in the use of immurement . In 1972 in that respect were 330,000 good deal residing in prisons and dawdles, today thither be 2.1 million (King, Mauer Young, 2005). During this m span, the macrocosm rose by little than 40 percent yet the number of people in prison and jail rose by more than 500 percent. To explain this melodramatic change, we must look to positionors such as changing evil place, demographics, heathenish shits and politics (King et. al., 2005). Today, on that headway ar near(prenominal) conservative, steadfast politicians who bank on getting tough on abomination. In this light, we must evaluate whether institutionalization is the beat method for diminishing annoyance and whether those offenders cosmos imprisvirtuosod, atomic number 18 creation unsex up for success or for failure, especially in their world power to incorporate indorse into society at once their term has been served. We must address the fact that these offenders, once imprisoned, encounter serious psychological changes and mugtizations. The internment of an respective(prenominal) put in ups more than just the individual, however withal family, peers and the community. The exculpate of an offender foul into society leaves one indefensible and sc bed by an ex-con label. Their reintegration book binding into society is a circumstantial format that is dependant on authorized vital ciphers, which transmute to whether one depart inevitably lead a spread overd tone of crime or a livelihood of desistance. Is enslavement really a remedy to crime, a so-called deterrent for future guilty activity, or merely a mechanism for labeling someone as a deviate member of society?It is important to assess what is actually k forthwithn closely the allude of imprisonment on crime control and with that in mind we must examine how captivity judge feed incr relieved. The use of incarcearned run averagetion has signifi stakeeriortly gr throw over time and the United State s has become by its own creation, an extremely punitive formation. The enactment of tougher sentencing rules, restrictive force out patterns and the abolition of parole in some states give up set uped a system based on this archetype. Many advocates of the system, including the Department of Justice, support this approach and meet stated that tough sentencing means less crime (King et. al., 2005). However, an overview of changes in incarceration and crime in all fifty states revealed that there is no self-consistent relationship between the two. Crime did non decrease merely because incarceration was increasing (King et. al., 2005). Therefore, incarceration may not be the or so impressive way to achieve dissolvers in crime control. Advocates believe that by fasten someone up, they stub physically no interminable consign crime. This concept may in truth well uphold to be true, provided what close after their release from prison? Will they be more sensitised to or a way from crime? Introducing someone to a manners of incarceration inevitably leads to institutionalization and the effects of prisonization, which can in earnest hinder ones adaptation and reintegration branch.Institutionalization is a term used to describe the growth by which inmates atomic number 18 cause and transformed by the institutional environment in which they dwell. Sociologist, Irving Goffman described in his book Asylums, that institutions were a place of residence and work where a giving number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, unneurotic lead an enclosed, formally administered round of look (King, 2000, p. 2). By this account, we can yell prisons to be a form of institution. Later, the term was alike coined prisonization when it occurred in punitive settings (Haney, 2001). The term, often thought pejoratively, expresses the negative psychological effects of imprisonment.Goffman identified volt m odes for adapting to an institutional life. The first step involved a situational withdrawal, where captives begin to minimize their interaction with others. Next, prisoners form antagonistic behavior and refuse to cooperate with cater members and begin to show hostility towards the institution itself. This type of behavior leave alone often result in prisoners existence sentenced to the conditions of solitary confinement. Colonization is a step in which involves the prisoner making a transformation to which he or she becomes institutionalized. In this step, prisoners begin to feel that life in prison is more desirable than life immaterial the prison. Next is the conversion step, which leads prisoners to scoop up to the behavior that the guards and facility regard them to be like. The last step in the adaptation mode is the so-called playing it cool segment. In this stage, prisoners halt out of trouble and conform to their surroundings so that when they argon released, they can shoot a maximum meet, in the particular circumstances of eventually getting out of prison physically and psychologically undamaged (Haralambos Holborn, 1995 p. 306).in one case an offender is confined to an incarcerated life, the prisoner often is forced to nethergo a uncommon set of psychological changes in order to survive the prison experience. prisoners must undergo serious adaptations and descry the deprivations and frustrations that come along with a prison life. This is commonly referred to as the pains of imprisonment and most sure enough carries certain psychological effects (Haney, 2001). Such psychological symptoms can implicate dependence on the institutional structure, hyper vigilance, inter mortalal distrust, suspicion, emotional over-control, alienation, psychological distancing, favorable withdrawal, isolation, incorporation of exploitative norms of prison culture, purposeless good common sense of self-worth and soulfulnessal harbor and post-trauma tic stress reactions to the pains of imprisonment (Haney, 2001).With the rate of incarceration increasing, it in like manner brings about(predicate) the changes in prison populations. As a result, the size of the U.S. prison population has led to widespread issues in overcrowding. Penologists have described this dilemma by claiming that the U.S. prisons are in crisis and have characterized each new level of overcrowding as unprecedented (Haney, 2001). The United States incarcerates more persons per capita than any other nation in the world. The U.S. rates have consistently been between quadruplet and eight time more than those for other nations such as Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Australia (Haney, 2001). This conclave of both overcrowding and rapid expansion of prison systems adversely affects the living conditions in these prisons. Overcrowding leads to jeopardized prisoner safety, compromised prison management, and exceptional prisoner access to meaningful program ming. The rehabilitative process is in effect importantly hindered.Many sociologists, psychologists and psychiatrists, have examine the process of prisonization extensively and all look into that the process involves a unique set of psychological adaptations that often occur in varying degrees in response to the extraordinary demands of prison life (Haney, 2001). A prisoner must incorporate the norms of prison life into their habits of thinking, note, and acting. However, given todays expansion and overcrowding of prisons, this is a demanding and dodgy process. The prison environment is not a friendly one and umpteen soft reprehensibles leave prison as hardened savages. Prison life can consist of numerous negative attributes, which affect a prisoners tycoon to rehabilitate. The more overcrowding in prisons, the less access to rehabilitation, which therefore leads to higher re faiths rates (Hanks, 2008). The presence of gangs and violence inwardly prisons, along with the fe elings of anger, depression, rage and sadness all accompany incarcerated individuals. Prisons are often the scenes of brutality, violence and stress to the point where legion(predicate) prisoners are concerned for their own safety. The increase in sentence lengths for prisoners in any case results in prisoners experiencing higher levels of psychological strains of imprisonment due to the longer periods of incarceration time. The psychological isolation of prison from ones community, the lack of prison visitation programs and the already scarce resources that have been used to maintain ties between prisoners and their families and the outside world, seriously affect the prisoners chances for survival and rehabilitation (Haney, 2001). Juveniles are especially more disposed to the effects of prisonization. An example of such transformation is the case of Boston nightstick. Billy spent half his life in prisons and jails and claimed that these institutions were horrible places that t oughened up people up to a point that you dont care (Bhati Piquero, 2008).Once the institutionalization frame has been completed, the prisoner must eventually undergo their reintegration back into society. Facilitating the transition from prison back to the free world is a very delicate and critical stage. There are some stigmatizing aspects of incarceration, which may result in a prisoners inability to successfully make the transition. Prisons are aimed to essentially cure malefactors of crime so they can be fit to reenter society, however, this concept may not be so encouraging. Studies show that whether a prison releasee go forth reoffend once back in society depends on their life trajectory and life grade post prison life. Certain factors contribute to the indication of whether they will have a successful resetment. However, the stigma of a deviant agone and life in prison never leaves their mind. We live in a society that unfortunately judges those for doing time and of ten society is the culprit to the basis of their reoffending and self-fulfilling prophecy to remain deviant.PRISON ISSUESPrisons have traditionally been coined schools of crime. The prison experience seconds to build up resentment, expose prisoners to many skilled offenders who wait on to teach them many tricks of the trade. Many inmates will often go into prison as petty, nonviolent offenders who are released back into society as now serious, violent offenders. It is customary to state that two-thirds of all released prisoners will be back in prison again within common chord years of their release (Stevens, 2004). Since prison life is comprised of its own structure and institutional rules, a form of governing amongst this institution will exist. There are at least(prenominal) four sets of codes, or rules, that govern prison life (1) the ordained administrative rules and regulations (2) the convict code (3) the gloss line and (4) gang membership rules (Stevens, 2004). The off icial rules are the basic tenets of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors and rules. The convict code is an idealised description of how the perfect convict should behave. The color line is rather an unseeyn code, which one instantly becomes aware of when certain racial groups appear to be dominating or in control. Race tends to be a factor in many prison issues such as the determination of friendships, booth assignments and cell locations. This process is sometimes referred to as balkanization (Stevens, 2004). Gang codes as well as find some prison lives and tend to be underground outlines for felon enterprises. kindred to Goffmans theory on institutionalization, Wheeler (1961), found that inmate generatement to prison society followed a U-shaped curve. When an inmate first enters the prison, they enter so allay being committed to the rules of conventional society, however as time passes, their misbehaviour increases. This misbehavior begins to reflect a commitment to inmat e codes. As their release from prison is encroaching, they begin to renew a commitment to the values of the outside world. This can be viewed in a tyrannical light because it signifies that most inmates orient themselves for law-abiding behavior shortly before they are released (Stevens, 2004). However, there remains no assurance in knowing that a released prisoner will aidle words continuing a life of crime.LABELING opening IN CORRELATION TO INSTITUTIONALIZATIONLabeling theorists argue that the state is to blame for anchoring people in their criminal careers. Prisons are not the answers to solving our crime problems and they are in fact, hazardously criminogenic. There is a momentous societal reaction towards offenders and when they are handle like such, there lies the unanticipated consequence of creating the very behavior we test to prevent. Society makes assumptions about offenders and sees them as people with poor character who will most likely recidivate. This public scr utiny can both pathos the offender into conformity or push them into crime because they see no other means to overcoming their label. Chiricos, Barrick, Bales and Bontrager (2007) conducted a try out on the fate of convicted felons lining probation. In support of labeling theory, Chiricos et. al. concluded that, being adjudicated a felon squarely and substantially increases the likeliness of recidivism in comparison with those who have had adjudication withheld (Cullen, Lilly Ball, 2011, p. 151). Further research on the effects of imprisonment has been conducted by criminologists in which have also supported labeling theory. Three general conclusions have been resulted which claim that a custodial sanction has either a null effect or criminogenic effect, the longer the time spent in prison leads to a higher likelihood of recidivism and lastly, the harsher the prisoner living conditions, the higher the likelihood of reoffending (Cullen et. al., 2011). A meta analysis of 50 s tudies analyzed the effect of prison sentences on recidivism and found that longer prison sentences were associated with higher recidivism rates for both high and low risk offenders. It was also reported that lengthy exposure to the harsh conditions of prison life and the institutionalization resulting from that living, has both short and long term effects on an individuals ability to readjust to life outside prison (Visher Travis, 2003). It is important to realize that there are collateral effects of incarceration and the reentry process is fundamentally a dynamic, affectionate process. The public stigma attached to an ex-convict status seriously affects the reintegration process. We can withhold that prisons may in fact be doing more harm than good.REINTERGRATION AND POSTRELEASERecidivism is instanter affected by post prison reintegration and adjustment. This is in turn, dependent upon four sets of factors personal and situational characteristics, social environment of peers, family, community and state-level policies (Visher et. al., 2003). Understanding an individuals pathway to reintegration and the sundry(a) support systems necessary, both privately and governmentally are crucial to a successful integration. Reconnecting with the institutions of society is a goal and a process in which a released offender must consistently work through and one to which policymakers need to take attention to. In 1994, the Bureau of Justice Statistics conducted the largest memorize of its kind when it examined criminal recidivism using a sample of 300,000 prisoners released in 15 states. The study found that 67.5 percent of prisoners were adjudgeed for a new offense within three years and 51.8 percent were back in prison for committing a new offense or violating their parole. These percentages demand for progress in the reintegration process. In 2002, the federal government awarded $100 million dollars to the states in order to help develop more effective reentry pr ograms for those released from prisons (Visher et. al., 2003).Similar to the social fond regard theory, the process of reintegration is dependant upon a prisoners attachment and bonds to society. Strong ties between prisoners and their families have the strongest affirmative impact on their post release success. A commitment to family roles is controlling to avoiding a life of crime. Rejoining the labor market and ensuring stable and consistent oeuvre is also crucial in the process and often this element is diminished for prisoners who have dismal concern prospects given that they have learned hardly a(prenominal) marketable job skills while institutionalized. These offenders will often find worry in finding a job while being labelled as an ex-convict (Cullen et. al., 2011). The stigma of a criminal record is a significant barrier in the search for employment. Watts Nightingale (1996) reported that as many as 60% of ex-offenders are not employed within one year after their release and this figure is partly due to the limited availability of felon-friendly employers (Counsel on Crime and Justice, 2006). Laub and Sampson found that incarceration as a juvenile had a negative effect on later job stability, which was also negatively related to ones continued involvement in crime over the course of their life (Bahr, Armstrong, Gibbs, Harris Fisher, 2005). Many offenders will leave jail feeling unprepared for their release and face ramparts in their way towards fit a healthy and productive member of their communities. In a focal point group study of women and men, researchers found that substance abuse, employment, and housing were the most significant factors that facilitated or blocked successful reintegration into communities (Weiss, Hawkins, Despinos, 2010). Leaving a highly coordinate environment like a prison for an unstructured society leaves many decisions and responsibility for an individual to consider. Post release is a highly vulnerable time for ex-convicts and their susceptibility to negativity is very probable.COLLATERAL EFFECTS OF handcuffsRecently, the effects of imprisonment on families and communities have been turn a focus of research for some. Hundreds of thousands of prisoners return to their communities annually and therefore, the reentry process has become an increasing interest. The extents of the consequences that result from mass incarceration often go beyond just the individual offender but also onto their families and their communities. Research has indicated that due to the rise in incarceration rates, there has also been an increase in broken homes and voicelesscommunities (Counsel on Crime and Justice, 2006). The Counsel on Crime and Justice introduced the being of the concept of collateral effects which refers to the unintended negative consequences that result from an offenders conviction and incarceration. Incarceration effects more than just the one being locked away and the costs of imprison ment are paid both directly and indirectly on many levels. Imprisonment can directly negatively affect the offenders family and children and can include personal, social, financial, emotional, psychological, and physical concerns. Social and sparing structures of communities are also affected. Researchers will also argue that the removal of offenders from communities does harm, especially in communities of color (Counsel on Crime and Justice, 2006). Incarceration can also be conceptualized as a form of coerced mobility. Coerced mobility is a practice that takes large numbers of males out of inner-city communities for prolonged absences (Cullen et. al., 2011). While it would be appropriate to suggest that offenders are liabilities in their communities, theorists also suggest that they are also assets to the community in the sense that they are members of their own social networks as well as income providers. Therefore, the body waste of these offenders from communities will also re sult in social disorganization and calorie-free economic development.THE CREATION OF AN AT-RISK POPULATIONMany people tend to swallow up the fact that imprisonment affects more than just the individual being imprisoned. Incapacitation can be contagious and unintentionally creates an at-risk population for some. For example, today there are an increasing number of children with incarcerated provokes. It is estimated that 1.5 to 2 million children are affected across the country by incarcerated parents (Miller, 2006). There is grounds to suggest that these children are responding negatively to being separated from their parent. A child with an incarcerated parent is often left feeling depressed and sad which leads to externalizing behaviors that may include aggression and delinquent activity. round 50% of youths in the correctional system have a parent in the adult correctional system. Children with parents in prison are 5 to 6 times more at-risk to become involved in the crimin al arbitrator system, however the short and long-term effects of this phenomenon are nasty to accurately quantify (Miller, 2006). We can therefore observe that in this aspect, prisons are causing more harm than good by creating a rebound factor. More crimes are essentially being committed or breathing out to be committed as a result of someone being interpreted out of the community, especially in the case of a person who had family bonds tying them to the community. Children and youth are impressionable and vulnerable beings who are eruditeness by example. The reality of incarceration in their home life is a life-altering experience, which can often set the course or direction for their own path towards criminal behavior.LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE VERSUS DETERRENT THEORYThere is much research on why people commit crime, but much less research about why people who have committed criminal acts choose to desist from crime. In reviewing the post release life of offenders, the theory t o focus on is life course perspective. Refraining from crime depends on ones local life circumstances. There are certain transitions that can help to increase social bonds and may help to alter a criminal trajectory. Bahr et. al (2005) explored the entry process by interviewing 51 parolees three times, over a period of three months from their release from prison. Of the 51 parolees, 10 were reincarcerated within six months after their release from crime. The findings suggest that overall, a network of family relationships is important in making the transition from prison life to community life. The extent of ones family bonds helps to change the criminal trajectories of parolees. The quality of the parent-child bond also significantly influenced the likelihood of a parolee returning to prison.While there have been gifted links between incapacitation and crime on a negative standpoint, there are also findings that support incarceration as a deterrent. Incarceration can influence cri minal careers based on two strands of criminological theory, those that focus on the role of punishment and that which focuses on the relationship between past and future criminal activity (Bhati et. al., 2008). A key policy dubiousness in criminology is whether incarceration serves as a deterrent, criminogenic or null effect on subsequent criminal activity. presumptuousness that a lack of research exists in this area, Bhati et. al. (2008) conducted a study on this topic by developing micro-trajectories using information from past arrest patterns. The date used in this research came from a larger study on recidivism of prisoners released in 1994, which was collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. A total sample of 32,628 persons was studied across 15 states. The findings reported that 96 percent of the releasees were either deterred from future offending or merely incapacitate by their incarceration. A small percentage consisting of 4 percent of the releasees exhibited a cr iminogenic effect. This study is not consistent with the labeling theory hypothesis but kind of is more in favor of deterrence-based theories. However, this data also raised the question of generalizibility as it only consists of data on 15 states in a country of 50.DISCUSSIONIn review of the literature on institutionalization, incarceration and its effect on crime, we can conclude that there is significant evidence linking incarceration with crime. While researchers have struggled to accurately quantify the degree to which crime reduction is attributable to imprisonment, the truth remains that prisons may actually be doing more harm than good. The effect of incarceration on subsequent criminal activity at the individual level is still far from being recognized and further research on the area is needed. However, we can recognize that the incarceration experience as a form of punishment tends to have varied effects on offenders. For some it may operate as a deterrent, others as a c riminogenic factor and for some irrelevant either way. It is sad to realize that in our society, one single deviant event can be enough to stigmatize a person indefinitely as an offender or as a deviant person. round offenders leave prison and make the case that they have permanently changed and are reformed, new people. Unfortunately, there is a negative bias with this, and labeling theorists will agree that regardless of whatever reformation is claimed, the deviant stigma will continue to exist. For some, ones past behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior. Researchers can support this by finding that well over half of ex-prisoners are returned to prison within 3 years of their release. In todays world it is much easier to establish oneself as deviant, than it is to establish ones credentials as a reformed person. As a result of labeling theory, many members of society are unwilling to take a chance on a once incarcerated individual who appears to be trying to make positive steps forward. These obstacles only hinder an offenders chance for effective survival and reintegration into society.Incapacitation strategies seek to reduce crime and do so in some ways. It is true that incarcerated offenders are prevented by incapacitation from committing further crimes, but at what cost to themselves and to society. Incapacitation strategies take a slice out of an individuals career, but whos to tell that that career will cease once they are back in the free world. The United States currently has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world with over two million people under the jurisdiction of correctional authorities (Weiss et al., 2010). The majority of this rate can be blamed on the get tough on crime exercise and the nations continued war on drugs. In comparison to other modify nations, these rates are five to eight times higher and have risen significantly over the last thirty years (Weiss et al., 2010).The criminal justice systems use of correctional facilities to punish those members of society who violate laws and commit crimes is a method based on the concept of deterrence. The idea of sightly institutionalized and taken out of society for a period of time is suppose to make an individual recognize his/her bad behavior to the point to where he/she will no longer behave in such a way for fear of becoming institutionalized again. At the alike(p) time, society can be at peace knowing that that person is no longer a current threat to society. However, the stages involved in this transition involve many negative aspects, which question its intended function. The process of institutionalization and becoming prisonized is a traumatic event filled with psychological changes that in some cases never heal or reshape themselves. Institutionalization desensitizes offenders and creates hardened criminals, the very thing it seeks to prevent. During prisonization, physical and psychological transformations occur which negativ ely changes an individual, but are however, necessary in order for an individual to survive the entirety of the experience.During the time in which an offender is incarcerated, those close to him such as his family and community may be suffering as a result of this imprisonment. An offender with children loses the ability to bond with their child and as a result, the child faces the risk of becoming scared from the experience. This detachment from a parent can result in negative forms of behavior and delinquency and as research has demonstrated, children with incarcerated parents have a much higher risk for getting involved in correctional settings themselves. In this respect, imprisonment promotes crime. The community also suffers greatly when those are taken out of it. People are assets to a community in the sense that they are members of the social networks and everyone, a possible income provider. The elimination of offenders from communities results in social disorganization an d weak economic development. When there is a weak economic and social disorganization, a breeding place for crime will persist.Prison life is another world, one that often does not make ease for a smooth transition back to reality. Research has shown that the stage of reintegration back into society once being institutionalized, is a very critical stage and to which is dependant on several factors. The life course perspective focuses on the steps necessary in ones life to avoid a criminal trajectory. A combination of life course theory and social bond theory creates a medium to which explains the elements necessary for a successful reintegrated life, void of crime. Family bonds, especially that of child-parent bonds, are extremely important in the reintegration process. Socialization with positive peers and consistent and steady employment are also crucial to the process. A lack of one or more of these bonds creates an opportunity to allow for crime to justify means. In this process , an offender is also combating stigmatization. In accordance with labeling theory, ex-convicts have a difficult time in their reintegration period due to the stigma that is placed upon them. For some, this presents a hardship that is often impossible to defeat and some offenders will often give into their label and become self-fulfilling prophecies. Labeling theory appears to be a valid effect of institutionalization as research has shown that as many as half of the offenders released from prison will return within three years of their release. This evidence can support labeling theory as an obstacle in the way of successful reintegration and deterrence from recidivism.As we move towards an era highly focused on a punitive system of justice versus a rehabilitative approach, policy makers need to assess whether prison systems are really the answer to obtaining intended objectives. Incarceration is increasing at an all time record yet crime is not decreasing at an all time record. Th ere are too many string section attached with the process of incarceration, and many of these strings lead to the realization that in the overall scheme of things, prison does more harm than good. Research accurately quantifying this finding needs to further be evaluated and discussed, but there is a consistent finding within this review, which significantly addresses the issues associated with the effects of institutionalization and its negative impact on the offender and society as a whole.

Successfull marketing strategy analysis

Successfull foodstuffing outline outline grocery storeis the outgrowth by which companies de marginine how products or operate will be according of inte slumber to customers, and the strategy use to attach in gross sales, communications and task maturation.It is the process through which companies give rank for customers and build reinforcedcustomer relationshipsin ball club to capture and get true(p) and positively charged feed ass from customers in return.Marketing Planning ProcessThe planning process for the marketplace green goddess be described as shown in the figure down the stairsFor an organisation the manoeuvre should be specific objective lens, the neutral concern as profitability, markets harvest-feast, efficiency, financial resources, organizational structure, and social responsibility.2) Situational AnalysisBefore developing a marketing strategy for a comp whatever this is substantial to conduct almost analysis. This is form of essential par t of all telephone circuit or preparing marketing plan and should be reviewed everyplace time to go steady that it is according to accredited situation. The following shag be use to assess situational analysis for a phoner.The elements worth considering include crossway SituationWhat is current product? We pretense break this definition up into parts much(prenominal) as the midpoint product and any secondary or supporting services or products that also make up whats being sold. It is important to observe which contrastive parts in order to be able to relate this back to client require.Competitive situationTo analyse the competitors what their situation and compare the make/ benefit analysis. What are their competitive advantages?Distribution SituationIts about to go over the come with distribution Situation how the product getting to market? Is it contingent to get their through distributors or other intermediaries?Environmental factorsWhich external and home(a) su rroundal factors should be taken into account. This can include economic or sociological factors that impact on the familiaritys performance.3) SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is a strategical planning method used in to a business to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project. Also specifying the objective of the business venture and delineateing the internal and external factors that are in the spare and those which are not in favour to extend to that objective.4) Assumption doWhile preparing a strategy in a business conjecture are genuinely important and need to be focus on that. Its mean we made many assumption while taking any decision. Furthermore to attempt the predict future outcomes from the external and internal things. snugly of the assumptions that made when a business plane and process are made, very belike to come true. Assumption-based planning identifies and tests the assumptions made in a business plan, the formulation of hedging actions and the construction of what-if scenarios.5) Marketing ObjectivesThese objects should be as followssemipermanent Brand Value pertly Product/ Innovation and service pull ahead Product DefinitionGrowth in market share6) portent results of strategiesComparison strategies for magnetic coreivenessComparing promotes maturement, judgment emergence, and higher level thinking. slightly company didnt compare like-for-like products forever.Some company battle between their products.A comparison strategy is theprocess of identifying how things are alike and distinguishable.Marketing meldWhen marketing their products firms need to create a successful careen integrity of the adjust product ,sold at the right price, in the right place ,and of play using the most suitable promotion. In order to achieve its coating ,the company has to implement the main four Ps of the marketing mix .mmixProduct StrategyProduct strategy is any decision that helps the company continue to develop refreshed products around its signature ,it is very important for a company to implement its plans in a better musical mode by Defining the characteristics of a product or service to fancy the customers inescapably. Ducati failed to maximize sales of its all- recent behemothDucatihas added the 804cc engine to the range.The thinking goes that the colossus 1100 is excessively big, the Monster 696 is too small, but, hopefully, theDucati Monster 796will be, like a drum roll of warm porridge, just right. That engine gets pulled out of the Ducati Hypermotard 796 and shares that bikes 87bhp, 58lb/ft and wet carpet slipper clutch. Combined with a low dry weight of 167kg .(369lbs) and the bikes friendly, flat-barred riding position, those bare-ass figures could make the Monster 796 the perfect first big bike for target market riders.Pricing strategyIdentifying the total cost to the user (which is likely to be higher than the charge you make) is a part of the price elemen t. Monster 796 the urban Icon, as the name suggests is a luxury item launched by Ducati for those who look for betray and status symbol, price hardly matters for them. As per our target market the professional and sports mountain are going to buy it so following the porters specialisation strategy the pricing strategy will be agiotage. The Monster 796 will be available in the UK from May 2010 in the lead and will be priced at 6,995, with the ABS version at 7,695 because our customers look for grapheme not price.Promotion StrategyThis includes advertisement, personal make outing like be exhibitions, and sales promotions like special offers, and also atmospherics such as creating the right impression through the working environment. Public Relations is include within Promotion by many marketing people.Promotion strategy for DucatiAdvertisingThe advertising campaign will be focused on the two target markets identified in the target market section, (Males and females).The prop ose of the advertising campaign is to increase sign awareness of the Monster 796 the Urban Icon. The sources of advertising are TV, Internet, Magazines, sport websites and the advertisement will show the new looks, features and the style of Monster bike.Sales PromotionDucati will use sales promotion to increase brand awareness, market share and revenue. The use of auspicate of Sales Displays will be used with a gift coupon for the purchase of Ducati 796. Although, the use of Point of Sales Displays produces a short-term effect in revenue and market share, the brand awareness will prepare a long-term effect. The use of this sales promotion along with the rest of the marketing strategy will produce a long term increase in both revenue and market share.Direct communicationsDirect communications will be used to bar brand awareness, as well as increase brand awareness and market share. A survey will be sent out as a focus mailing to Ducatis target markets. The survey will measure br and awareness of insect repellents, likes and dislikes between Ducati and its competitors, and the outdoor activities of the survey taker. habitation Strategy.Looking at location and where a service is delivered, in other words, Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any carnal store as well as virtual stores on the Internet.Ducati has unattackable relationship with its all heads throughout the UK. The dealers are contributing a hoi polloi to the overall performance of the company. The company is recognising their efforts with the rewards to improve it distribution strategy. Ducati dealers from all over the UK gathered for the annual Ducati dealer meeting during the recent London cycle Show at Excel. The dealers were presented with an overview of 2009 and the plans and strategies for 2010 which should prove to be exciting times for the Ducati dealer network with the launch of the eagerl y awaited Multistate and other innovative bikes such as the Monster ABS models.ANSOFFS MatrixThe Ansoff Growth matrix is a shit that helps businesses decides their product and market appendage strategy.. It is used by marketers who move over objectives for growth. Ansoffs matrix offers strategic choices to achieve the objectives. (Johnson, G. et. al., 2002)Market PenetrationIs one of the four growth strategies of theProduct-Market Growth Matrix delimit byAnsoff. Market penetration occurs when a company enters/penetrates a market with current products. The best way to achieve this is by gaining competitors customers (part of their market share). Other shipway include attracting non-users of your product or convincing current clients to use more of your product/service (by advertising etc). Ansoff developed theProduct-Market Growth Matrixto help firms recognize if there was any advantage of entering a market.Market phylogenyMarket development is the name given to a growth strate gy where the business testks to sell its live products into new markets.There are many possible ways of set abouting this strategy, including New geographical markets for ensample exporting the product to a new country New product dimensions or packaging for example New distribution channels Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market discussion sectionProduct DevelopmentCompanies develop new products in existing markets. This is calledproduct development.An organization that already has a market for its products might try and follow a strategy of developing additional products, aimed at its current market.DiversificationThe two head teacher objectives of diversification areImproving core process execution, and/orEnhancing a business units structural position.The fundamental role of diversification is for corporate managers to create shelter for stockholders in ways stockholders cannot do better for themselves1. The additional value is create d through synergetic integration of a new business into the existing one thereby increasing itscompetitive advantageImplementing the Ansoffs matrix growth strategies on Ducati CompanyMarket PenetrationThe company has to get some more market share buy promoting and selling its new Monster bike, especially in the UK market where its sale decreased by 18% last year. The company has a good brand name so it is easy for them to eat up the competitor market share if they can provide some more customer benefit.Product DevelopmentAs far as the new target market is concerned the company has a great opportunity to expand its market share with the open of Ducati Monster 796 and to produce the similar and more modified models in near future which includes female bikes as well.Market DevelopmentThe UK sport market is very large and Ducati is not having the enough market share as compare to its competitors, so the company has to broaden its market in UK. Ducati has to increase the range of dealer s and to make sure that every corner of the country is cover by the company.DiversificationBringing the new vehicles like monster 796 is the good choice for the company in order to meet the customers new and requirements and expectations and the company has to focus on the green technology products soon in order to strengthen its reputation in market and to bring a change in company style.New Marketing Strategies (strategic preferences)1-Porters Generic strategy (Differentiation Strategy) concord to Michael Porter, the generic strategy is to be unique in the industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by buyers. It is rewarded for its uniqueness with a subvention price. A firm that can achieve and sustain differentiation will be an above-average performer in its industry if its price premium exceeds the extra be incurred in being unique. (Porter M, 1985)Ducati main target is people who look for quality instead of price the company adds something more to their products a s compared to the competitors. Differentiation strategy will help company to achieve its premium price and to meet the needs of the target customers.Michael Porter has classically defined quintet forces that drive industry competition, and has described a valuable approach to assessing the overall competitive dynamics of an industry. This approach has come to be know as a five-force analysis. (Colley.J et al, 2007)Managing change( Kotter,1998) ,According to change care guru John Kotter, few than 15 of the 100 or more companies studied have successfully transformed themselves. While the particulars of every fictional character vary, Kotter has identified eight overcritical layers of successful change management. Mismanaging any one of these steps can subvert an otherwise well-conceived vision.PESTEL ANALYSIS Macro environmentMacro is remote environment of a company comprising economic, social, political, technological and ecological. One way of looking at remote environment is PESTEL framework.http//www.businessmate.org/images/PESTEL.jpgSwot analysisSWOTanalysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues.SWOTstands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and little terrors.Strengths and weaknesses are internalfactors. Opportunities and threats areexternalfactors.In SWOT, strengths and weaknesses areinternalfactors. For exampleStrengthcould beYour specialist marketing expertise.A new, innovative product or service.Location of your business.Quality processes and procedures. any other aspect of your business that adds value to your product or service.Aweaknesscould beLack of marketing expertise.Undifferentiated products or services (i.e. in relation to your competitors).Location of your business.Poor quality goods or services. shamed reputation.InSWOT, opportunities and threats areexternalfactors. For example Anopportunitycould beA developing market such as the Internet.Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances.Moving into new market segments that offer improved profits.A new international market.A market vacated by an ineffective competitor.Athreatcould beA new competitor in your home market. cost wars with competitors.A competitor has a new, innovative product or service.Competitors have superior access to channels of distribution.Taxation is introduced on your product or service.Implementing SWOT analysis on Ducati companyThe following SWOT analysis will provide insights into Ducatis internal strengths and weaknesses at the end of the turnaround as well as the opportunities and threats posed by the external environment in which the company operates.StrengthsTechnical ExcellenceEfficient Value Chain ensure qualityStrong BrandLocation AdvantagesEffective management strategical AlliancesWeaknessesNarrow Target AudiencePolarized salesLow economies of scale fragile Dealer NetworkLimited Growth since yr. 2000OpportunitiesFast growing seg mentCustomers of Japanese motorcycles have low brand loyaltyReduction in international trade barriersThreatsLow price of competitorsCompetitors enjoy lower costsCompetitors have high economies of scale and low cost of capitalThese strategies can be adopted for the best marketingBranding strategyNew product develops plc strategyMarket segmentation positioning strategiesSustained marketing strategies with ethics and social responsibilityCompetitive strategies for marketingRelationship management strategiesInternational marketingSome of the strategies explained below with example.BrandingCompany brand is not what thinks of the company, its about what the customer thinks it is. And in an industry where the patent acquittance clock is constantly ticking, its vital to make a lasting impression, and quickly, Patricia Malone offers five steps to creating a brand.ExampleIn the pharmaceutical world, when one considers the broad pressure from reimbursement sources on providers to prescribe generics rather than brand-name products, the importance of branding antecedent to patent expiration is clear. Beyond that, the entire branding process has value for a company because it helps the business focus on, enhance and be reconciled with its message. In addition, it enables a company to continually test the message and see if its being vie back the right way. findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5351/is_200405/ai_n21348846/Market division strategyTo compete successfully in todays volatile and competitive business markets, mass marketing is no longer a viable option for most companies. Marketers must attack niche markets that exhibit unique needs wants. Market segmentation is the process of partitioning markets into groups of potential customers with similar needs or characteristics who are likely to exhibit similar purchase behaviour.http//www.s-m-a-r-t.com/Exp_marketseg.htmProduct Development StrategyEffective project planning is critical to implementing new product devel opment strategies. In some cases new product development strategy initiation includes original research but in this case research actually resulted in the formulation of the new product conceptExampleGround breaking research undertaken at Victoria University (VU) showed that children wake up to smoke alarms with familiar voices much more easily than they do with traditional smoke alarms that beep. VU Researcher Dorothy Bruck said One hundred part of children tested have woken to the mothers voice message- played at 1am in the morning. This compares to and 57 percent wakening to the current smoke alarm signal, played at the same time of night and at the same volume. This desktop breaking new product development research set the stage for KidSmarts intellectual property suite and drove our new product development strategies. From the start, we mapped out our performance requirements, usability strategies and product cost targets. It was also critical beforehand(predicate) on in t he new product development process to identify component suppliers and production strategies for all major components including the actual smoke sensor. bresslergroup.com/process/speed_planning.asp

The History Of Construction Waste Minimization Environmental Sciences Essay

The History Of saying muck up Minimization environmental Sciences EssayChapter two is a review of contemporary literature link to the topic. It will explain how authors perceive Construction liquidate recycling system for run off minimisation projects. The literature review will also controvert about the underpinning theory, what is known and unknown about the topic. It will also discourse about what various researchers have d adept in the past, especially in the bea of saying have recycling method for chase away minimization purposes.2.2 BACKGROUNDMuch of the barren stream going to buckfill consists of solid dotty from the social organisation and devastation of buildings. Waste minimisation strategies have been popular for s incessantlyal(prenominal) time in the body structure industry. This paper considers the effect of these strategies on superstar case reflect. Sourcing materials with cycled content in harm of body forth energy and embody is suggested as the next phase of environmental solicitude in tress. numerous studies measure drive away from device localises on the basis of either al-Quran or mass, to gauge the effect on disposal be (Johnston and Minks, 1995 whole meal flour and Smithers, 1996 Faniran and Caban, 1998). This does not give the best appreciation of the problem in terms of the environment. The savings from using materials with recycled content can be best careful in terms of the environment by considering their embodied energy (Thormark, 2000). somatic energy represents 10-40 times the annual operational energy of virtually Australian residential buildings, depending upon building design, climate tress systems, equipment type, fuel sources and building wont patterns. Each year in Australia, the embodied energy occasiond in construction is slightly equal to the annual operational energy of the reinforced stock, and together they make up 30-40 per centime of national energy use and greenhouse gas e missions.There are several(prenominal) problems with existing embodied energy analysis methods, which include process analysis, input-output analysis and hybrid analysis. passage analysis, while accurate for particular processes, often ignores a large occur of small to medium processes. Input-output analysis, despite its many inherent errors, is apply because of its extraordinary property of systemic completeness. Errors for process analysis data are approximately 10 per cent (Boustead and Hancock, 1979), and for input-output data errors are approximately 50 per cent (Miller and Blair, 1985). Hybrid analysis methods attempt to degrade the errors inherent in individually of the two previous methods. There are two types one found on the process analysis framework and the another(prenominal)(a) based on the input-output framework. For the hybrid analysis methods, errors vary between these rates, depending upon the mix of process and input-output data.2.3 Construction WasteCons truction waste can be divided into common chord principal categories namely material, labour, and machinery waste. However, material wastage is given more concern because most of the raw materials used in construction industry come from non-re briskable resources(Ekanayake and Offori, 2000).construction waste is defined as the dissimilarity between the value of those materials delivered and authoritative on rate and those used properly as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials and those transferred elsewhere (Peng and Tan, 1998).Similarly, the make Research Establishment (BRE) has defined building waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building projects (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987).Recently, for the purpose of evaluation of the construction material waste sources, Ekanayake and Offori (2000) have given a broader definition of the construction waste as any material, apart fr om demesne materials, which need to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used within the construction site itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to material damage, excess, non-use, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process.2.3.1 Definition of construction wasteConstruction waste is anything generated as a result of construction and then abandoned, regardless of whether it has been processed or stockpiled. It comprises surplus materials from site absolvedance, excavation, construction, refurbishment, renovation, destruction and road works. There are two types of construction waste waterlogged construction wasteNon-inert construction wasteNon-inert construction waste is slightly 20% of the total and usually comprises bamboo, timber, vegetation, packaging waste and other constituent(a) materials. Some of these can be recycled while others are disposed of at landfills. In contrast, inert waste otherwise known as universe fill mainly includes construction debris, rubble, earth, bitumen and concrete, which can be used for land formation. Materials like concrete and asphalt can also be cured for construction use.Wastes can be defined as all wastes in solid form which are discarded as useless or unwanted and in general arise from human activities. Construction wastes are wastes generated from building, demolition and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures. (Peavy et al., 1985)2.4 Construction waste minimizationWaste minimization is a waste management approach that focuses on reducing the amount and perniciousness of hazardous waste that is generated. In addition to hazardous wasted modulate under RCRA, the EPA encourages waste minimization techniques that focus on preventing waste from ever being created, (source decline) and recycling. there are deuce-ace general methods of waste minimization source reduction, recycling, and treatment.2.4.1 Steps of waste minimizationReduce consumption of resources by building smaller houses that are better designed for your needs. This is the most efficient way to conserve precious resources for use by future generations and snub waste. It also lowers costs.Re-use existing buildings and materials and reduce demand for resources, lower waste volumes and salvage money. Dont Demolish Deconstruct, give old buildings new lives.Recycle resources that are left-hand(a) over or have reached the end of their useful life. This will reduce demand for new materials and lower the volume of waste going to landfill. send building material to landfill is like throwing money in the bin.Use renewable resources like sustainably managed forests. This creates a sustainable economy and helps conserve non-renewable resources use materials with soaring recycled content to create a market for recyc led resources. It will raise the damage paid by recyclers for recovered resources and increase the viability of recycling.2.4.2 LandfillOur traditional means of waste disposal (landfill) is uneconomic. Costs to communities for operating and maintaining landfill sites are high and availability of fitting land is limited.Re-use options for landfill sites are extremely limited due to potential health hazards. Remedial action is often prohibitively expensive.Emissions and leachate from landfill sites can be highly toxic due to concentrations of heavy metals and toxic chemicals. These toxins find their way into the water table and/or waterways, often with disastrous consequences.We must reduce waste volumes going to landfill and remove toxic content from materials before disposal. Using other option then sending to landfill. .2.4.3 Why prevent waste and recycle?2.4.3.1 Reduce CostsRecycling, reusing salvaged building materials and minimizing materials and packaging reduces waste dispo sal costs and material expenses.2.4.3.2 Marketing OpportunityThe companys experience in waste prevention and recycling can be an essential marketingTool to the growing number of potential guests interested in dynamic in the Leed andBuild green building programs.2.4.3.3 Tax DeductionWhen you use a deconstruction service to remove reusable building materials, the client canTake a tax deduction when they donate the materials to a nonprofit organization.2.5 Construction Waste heedConstruction Waste Management is the practice of reducing the actual waste that go to the dump site. Waste reduction is best met by recycling and construction wastes do volunteer a lot of opportunities for recycling. In fact, 80% of the wastes found in construction trash heaps are recyclable, one way or another. Wood, asphalt, concrete, bricks, metals, rubbish and even paint do offer several options for recycling.There are tether basic steps for construction waste management. They are Reduce, Reuse, and R ecycle. Reduce is basically preventing waste from appearing. So it helps if those building materials come in with pre proposalned sizes.2.5.1 Construction waste management strategiesFour main construction waste management strategies were distinguish from the literature (Gavilan and Bernold, 1994 Peng et al., 1997 Faniran and Caban, 1998). They werereuseavoid or reductionrecycling anddisposal.Among these three strategies, avoiding waste which infers elimination or minimization of waste, has been given the highest priority as it requires the least resources other than planning and designing skills. Developing a waste minimization culture in the construction industry may be the initial process of a minimization strategy (Teo and Loosemore, 2001 McDonald and Smithers, 1998). Reuse refers to evidently moving materials from one application to another. The third option is recycling and construction waste recycling is a process of separation and recycling of recoverable waste materials g enerated during construction and remodelling. Composting has also begun to emerge as a new application of an ancient technology, where organic land-clearing debris is processed to produce hoummos for soil treatment (Ekanayake, 2000). Further, incineration is another process of destroying waste material by burning it and, while once regarded as a practical method of disposing of hazardous waste materials, it has of late, become controversial for many reasons such(prenominal) as the fact that it creates toxic gas and ash, which can harm local populations and defile groundwater. Disposal or land filling is the lowest in the hierarchy.Since reduction was identified as the most effective strategy for waste management, several techniques used in construction can be recommended as waste reduction initiatives. Off-site construction technology (dry construction) was highlighted in the literature. For instance, using pre-cast elements one could eliminate 30 per cent to 40 per cent of wastag e on building construction sites (Poon et al., 2004b). In addition, there are many advantages of pre-cast element manufacturing such as saving time and overall cost, due to enabling coincidental different production lines increasing constructability and reducing congestion on site due to changing from an uncontrollable work environment on site to a controllable one in factories (Benjaoran and Dawood, 2004). Therefore, the present paper attempts to identify how effective the use of pre-cast elements in building projects are in construction to minimize construction waste.2.5.2 Insufficient regulationsThe importance of complete governmental regulations for reinforcement construction and demolition waste management has been extensively investigated. For example, although the Hong Kong government has utilize various types of regulations to minimize construction and demolition waste production, it is found by Tam (2008a) that the mandatory system in implementing the waste management pl an for all construction projects would significantly affect the productivity of companies. This is echoed by the study from Shen and Tam (2002), suggesting that legal measures are not effective for implementing environmental management in Hong Kong construction. In all the regulations in Bulgaria, construction and demolition waste is mentioned jointly with municipal waste and the majority of measures envisaged are aimed at the receipts of municipal waste management (Hadjieva-Zaharieva et al., 2003). It is also reported by Kartam et al. (2004) that clear regulations and rules from Kuwait Municipality are lacking for allowing and persuading contractors to use recycled products made from construction and demolition waste.