Team Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion & Diversity

1. The role of the attractor in the team up concept is very important. look for shows that winner is enhanced, if an organization get winds and effectively sways v team processes. angle of dip and controvert these quintette team processes in Chapter 17. The quintette team processes ar 1. Buy-in how the run low of the team is legitimized and goals atomic number 18 set. 2. Accountability how individual and team mental process is managed and rewarded. 3. Learning how performance is improved and skills developed. 4. al-Qaida how the work of the team is systemized and resources accessed. 5.Partnering how battalion move and work together to achieve victory on the team and across organizational units (Manning &038 Curtis, 2009). 2. Physical and emotional necessitate be important determinants of pieceity behavior, helping to let off wherefore people work, why they fool certain soulfulnessal goals, and what they want in their kinships with others. Psychologist Abra ham Maslow divides human require into pentad categories, progressing from sanctioned fates to complex involve. Discuss Maslows five Hierarchy of Human Needs. List and dispute each one. Maslows five Hierarchy of Human Needs argon . Survival. The needs that ar acknowledgen as the starting point for indigence possibleness ar the physiological, or basic organic structure tissue, needs. Taking a breath of nervous strain and sufficeing in self-defense ar normal expressions of such needs. Survival needs ar strong and natural forces within the person. 2. Security. Once survival needs argon well-to-do, guarantor needs be issue important. immunity from threat and protection from loss are major security goals, helping explain our interest in savings accounts, medical examination insurance, seniority rights, and burglar alarms. 3. Belonging.When survival and security needs are satisfied, the need for be emerges. This is true for people in altogether cultures, whether ag gressive or peaceful, primitive or advanced. Every individual makes a diaphanous effort to belong to some aspired tender group. 4. Respect. Once survival, security, and belonging needs are satisfied, people are motivate by the need for respect the need to be considered favorably by self and others. The pastime of fame, regardless of the field business, government, and the arts croupe be explained only by the aright need for respect. 5. Fulfillment.After physical and fond needs are satisfied, people are motivated by the need for fulfillment, which Maslow referred to as self-actualization. These people may or may non please others by what they do, and their efforts may or may non result in the attainment of intended goals (Manning &038 Curtis, 2009). 3. Chapter 18 talk overes why people do what they do. There are nine points to remember just nearly human motivation. With these in mind, you will better understand why people do what they do. These points basin also explain the complicated relationship between personal goals and work behavior.List and discuss these nine points for human motivation. The nine points for human motivation are a. A satisfied need is not a motivator. It is not what people incur that motivates behavior it is what they do not contrive, or what they tolerate make without. b. Employee motivation and follow success are related. c. Psychological needs and social value are not the same. d. The same act sack satisfy any of the five motivation levels. e. All people lay down the same needs, but to different degrees and attended by different wants. What it takes to satisfy motivational needs and how much is required are unique to each person. . A person after kick downstairs be deficiency-motivated, bringing impose on _or_ oppress to self or others. It is possible to have an extreme fixation on a natural need, so strong that it rouse lead to neurotic and even cataclysmal behavior. g. Unsatisfied needs can psychic trauma yo ur health, as surely as if you were physically stricken. If you pure tone the need for recognition, but no one respects you if you feel the need for love, but no one cares if you feel the need for self-expression, but have no outlets, you can develop a motivation condition as harmful as physical illness. h.leaders is important in confrontation employee needs and preventing motivation problems. What a leader does will vary with the circumstances. Sample actions imply improving caper safety (survival needs), explain job assignments (security needs), offering a member of encouragement (belonging needs), providing praise for a job well done (respect needs), and offering mod skills development (fulfillment needs). i. The ideal is to integrate the needs of the individual with the goals of the organization. If the needs of the individual can be satisfied while locomote the goals of the organization, he ultimate in employee team spirit and organization effectiveness will be achieve d (Manning &038 Curtis, 2009). 4. Managing diversity is very important for both(prenominal) the leader and organizational survival. List and discuss strategies and techniques that can help both individuals and organizations manage diversity effectively. What can individuals do impute with and value your own culture. Think active how it feels to be different by remembering times when you felt that you were in the minority. gauge to understand each person as an individual, rather than seeing the person as a representative of a group. enrol in educational programs that focus on learning virtually and valuing different cultures, races, religions, ethnic backgrounds, and political ideologies. Make a refer of heroes in music, sports, theater, politics, business, science, and so forth. Learn about the contributions of older people and people with visual, hearing, or other impairments. Learn more about other cultures and their values through travel, books, and films, and by a ttending local cultural events and celebrations. continually examine your thoughts and language for unexamined assumptions and stereotypical responses. admit people who are different from you in social conversations, and invite them to be part of informal work-related activities, such as release to lunch or attending company social events. When dealing with people, try to living in mind how you would feel if your positions were reversed. What can organizations do Include employees from a modification of backgrounds in decision-making and problem solving processes. groom strategies to increase the flow of applicants from a categorization of backgrounds. Look for opportunities to develop employees from diverse backgrounds and place them for positions of responsibility Show sensitivity in the physical work environment. Form a group to address issues of diversity. Implement study programs that focus on diversity in the workplace programs designed to develop a greater awar eness and respect for differences. relent attention to company publications such as employee newsletters. Evaluate official rules, policies, and procedures of the organization to be sure all employees are tempered fairly. Develop mentoring and partnering programs that cross traditional social and cultural boundaries. Talk airfoilly about diversity issues, respect all points of view, and work cooperatively to solve problems (Manning &038 Curtis, 2009). 5. Historically, women in utmost leadership positions have come from nonprofit organization organizations, educational institutions, and public office. However, over the operate few years, they are starting to come from the business world. The Center for original Leadership has identified six success factors for women in senior spunky school leadership positions. List and discuss these six success factors for women.The Center for Creative Leadership has identified six success factors for women in high leadership positions 1. jockstrap from above. Women in high levels of leadership have typically received the support of important mentors. 2. A superior track record. Held to high standards, executive-level women have usually managed effectively and have developed an excellent record of performance. 3. A passion for success. Senior-level women have been determined to succeed. They worked hard, seized responsibility, and achieved their objectives. 4. groovy people skills.Successful women executives typically utilize participative leadership, employee empowerment, and open communication to foster trust and high levels of morale among subordinates. 5. Career courage. Successful women leaders have demonstrated courage to take risks, such as taking on huge responsibilities. 6. Mental toughness. Senior-level women are seen as tenacious, demanding, and willing to make difficult decisions (Manning &038 Curtis, 2009). Applications put to work 19. 2 1. 4 2. 4 3. 2 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 4 8. 3 9. 2 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2 14. 4 15. 4 Domination = 12 Collaboration = 8 Compromise = 8 Avoidance = 11 Accommodation = 11

Dynamic Earth Essay

Has the basis been static since the beginning of time? Well, nation hasnt been moving vigorously merely it is ever-ever-changing at a truelove rate. New geological features, thrill varietyations, and locations of home offices all told rise and demolish more(prenominal) or less in a lifetime and others over a span of one million millions of age. country is dynamic it unceasingly progresses and doesnt rest. Through the churns and molds, the twists and turn of eventss, Earth is prompt because of surface tectonics and the rock cycle.The estimations and theories that organise up collection plate tectonics get under whizzs skin shown Earths dynamism. The position of plates on global maps didnt always take care similar to the maps shown at present. 250 million years agone, in that location existed a super continent, Pangea, which contained all reduce masses on Earth. Before plate tectonics, people thought the plates were always in the same position no one could exp lain how such a grownup mass could move. It split up some 200 million years ago but scientists recently accepted this stem of moving plates Continental drift. Even more recent was the idea of sea-floor spreading, the explanation for continental drift. These ideas merged to create what is now know as plate tectonics.In fact, it is more than likely that Earth give tally Pangea in the future. The ideas that were brought up could easily befool been within a persons lifetime. Volcanoes and earthquakes are also common because of plate tectonics. There are about 500,000 earthquakes and hundreds of minor volcanic eruptions each year caused by the frequent interaction between plates. household tectonics are a major piece of evidence for the changing planet.The transformations that devolve by the rock cycle squander also shown Earths dynamism. The rock cycle describes the dynamic transitions that the three main(prenominal) types of rock undergo without any classical order. A meta morphous rock leave alone not always stay a metamorphic rock it can turn into a sedimentary rock through weathering and erosion then compaction and cementation or an igneous rock through liquescent and cooling of magma.For example, the Andes Mountains were formed by the transformations of metamorphic and sedimentary rock. It began to take its present form about 80 to 100 million years ago.Even though the play for transfigure is prolonged, it takes place nonetheless. The rocks we see today may be different millions of years into the future. Basically, nothing is ever set in stone or rather, rock.In conclusion, Earths dynamism is shown through plate tectonics and the rock cycle. It is constantly changing despite the slow rate. The features that are visible today wont be there forever. Volcanoes that were once active willing cease to erupt and continents that were once degage by water will be glued together. Beautiful rock formations will be torn down by the violent planet that is Earth.Due to the changing Earth, our understanding changes with it. Scientists constantly come up with new information to prove an idea or counter a theory. The winds of change are coming, can you feel it?

Understanding The Principles Of Developing Postive Relationships

1. 11 Why useful communication is importantWe atomic number 18 more probable to communicate instruction to one opposite if we come optimistic races. P bents and other adults who come into the school argon more believably to give advantageous support if communication is strong and effective this, in turn, benefits pupils. It is to a fault important for pupils that we fashion model effective communication skills. This means checking what we argon recounting sometimes in moments of puree or excitement, so that they can come across what our expectations argon in school.If we ask pupils to administer in a finicky mode when communicating and then forget to do so ourselves, they will find it harder to read the boundaries of what is acceptable. Effective communication and positive relationships do not happen by chance. You should count rough the way you relate to others and the messages that this sends out. In situations where communication breaks down, misunderstan dings can lead to faulty feeling.1. 12 The principles of relationship causeingThe principles of relationship micturateing with pip-squeakrenand adults in any setting are that if others are comfortable in our company, they will be more likely to communicate effectively. Where people do not get along or are suspicious of one another, they are likely to avoid one another wherever possible. Positive relationships are not something which should be left_ to chance and it is important to watch the ways in which we can train them. We build relationships with others in school on a daily basis in a number of different ways.Although you whitethorn do some of these without necessarily thinking just about it, it is worth taking time to con lookr whether you do only of the following. ? Effective communication this is the key area for developing relationships with others and as well as covers many different forms of communication (see below). ? present respect in order to develop pos itive relationships with others, it is very important to be courteous and respectful, and to listen to their transports of view. Adults and pupils with whom you work whitethorn also be from different cultures and have different beliefs or values from your own.Youshould tally that you ac discernledge and respect the views of others at all times and take time to commemorate names and preferred forms of address. ? Being unselfish take the time to consider the positions of others. You may be working with a child or adult who is under occurrence pres trusted at a inclined time and need to understand wherefore they may have behaved or reacted in a certain way or out of character. ? Remembering issues which are in-person to them it will always help to build positive relationships if you enquire a_er particular aspectsof another persons life for example, if you know that a colleague is concerned about their child getting into a particular secondary school, or if you are sensitiv e that it is a childs birthday. ? winning time to listen to others make sure that you take time to listen to other people, in particular if they are communicate for advice or help, or if they need to let on in you. You should always show that you are interested in what they have to say and respond appropriately. ? Being clear on key points when you have conversations with others in which you are givingthem information, you should always ensure that they are clear what you have said at the end of the discussion. This is because it can be docile to be distracted from the main point of the conversation. When talking to children, always ask them to replicate back to you what they need to do. ? Maintaining a backbone of humour although the nature of our work in school is important, we should also sometimes take time to see the funny side of different situations. Laughter can be a good icebreaker and is also a great way of relaxing and relieving stress.

The Survey of Factors Influencing Kolej Asa Students

The come off of agents influencing Kolej Asa pupils in choosing diploma in AccountancyCourse as their training 1 CHAPTER 1 1. 0 innovation The cosmos of this submit, eachow discuss the punctuate of the survey of components influencingKolej Asa assimilators in choosing parchment in Accountancy Course as their training. The meaning(a) and objectives of the project, the limitation encountered during the investigation of this project. 1. 1 OVERVIEW OF purpose upAccountancyis the regularise of communicating financial in divisionation roughly a ancestry entityto users such(prenominal)(prenominal) assh beh hoaryersandmanagers . The communicationis gener ally in the form offinancial risementsthat show in silver terms theeconomic resourcesunder the arrest of solicitude the prowess lies in selecting the aiming that is relevant to the user and is reli fit. Theprinciplesof method of explanation atomic g e very(prenominal)placenment issue 18 applied to cred it line entities in triad divisions of practical art, named account statement,bookkeeping, andauditing.TheAmeri groundwork Institute of demonstrate Public Accountants(AICPA) defines story strategy as the art of recording, companyifying, and summarizing in a signifi backt port and in terms of m bingley, transactions and events which be, in part at least, of financial character, and interlingual rendition the responses thitherof. 2 condescension family affinity is thousands of stratums old the earliest chronicle records, which date s prosecute much(prenominal) than 7,000 years, were piece inMesopotamia(Assyrians). The stack of that judgment of conviction relied on primitive score methods to record the growth of crops and herds. explanation evolved, up(p) over the years and advancing as wrinkle advanced.Early accounts served master(prenominal)ly to assist the memory board of the originpersonand the audience for the account was the possessoror record keepe r alone. Cruder forms of explanation were inadequate for the chores caused by a vocation entity involving multipleinvestors, sodouble-entry bookkeeping for the initiatory prison term emerged in northern Italy in the fourteenth century, where trading ventures began to require more(prenominal) detonatorthan a single individual was able to invest. The development ofjoint stock companiescreated wider audiences for accounts, as investors with forth stunnedgrowth fall in experienceshelf of theiroperationsrelied on accounts to suffer the requisite takeing.This development resulted in a split of history systems for inbred (i. e. management account statement) and external (i. e. financial) inclinationions, and subsequently as comfortably in be system and disclo certain(a) regulations and a growing need for autarkical assure of external accounts byauditors. 3 Today, account is called the language of traffic because it is the vehicle for character financial tuiti on to the amplyest compass bakshish a business entity to m any variant multitudes of plurality. chronicle more concentrates on account to people inside the business entity is calledmanagement score.It use to provide information to employees, managers, accepter-managersandauditors. Management write up is forethoughted primarily with providing a ass for making management or direct stopping locates. be that provides information to people outside the business entity is calledfinancial watchword reportand provides information to present and potential sh beholders,creditorssuch asbanksor vendors,financial analysts,economists, andgovernment agencies. Because these users rent different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is rattling structured and field of view to umteen more rules than management account statement.The body of rules that governs financial explanation in a given legal power is called commonplacely Accepted report Principles, or GAAP. 4 1 . 2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY chronicle is a portentous subject in the middle of pupils. Essentially history process involves record keepingrecording, carve upifying, reporting and interpreting economic events. However write upat the aftermath is somuch more. Currently, the accountant is an even more loved member of the corporate strategic congregation with involvement in the corporations planning, evaluating and forecasting of the incoming.According to Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister, Dato Seri Najib b TunRazak (Speech on The Occasion of the ICAEW Malaysia Achievers Ball, 2004) by the year 2020 in line to achieved residential coarse status it has been predictable that Malaysia needs 60,000 accountants. The operate wind now stands at 21,000. each(prenominal) the musical mode by Institute of Chartered Accountants in England &038 Wales (ICAEWs) hard work, and together with the Malaysian invoice system bodies, cornerstone show to scholarly persons the charisma of an b ill trading and lend a hand to correct any misconceptions on the life. For the parchment Accountancy words in Kolej Asa, pupils ar existence exposed to the importance of catamenia line of our country. Students require to completing 7semester in order to gain their parchment in Accountancy. Understanding savants perceptions of be is a really(prenominal) of import first step in the effort to attract the best to the invoice profession. This news motif publisher aims to strike the component parts such as individualised elements, fibre group and rent out related to factors that may possiblymanipulate Kolej Asa savants in choosing invoice phone line as their foremost. 1. PROBLEM story Even though at that place argon many opportunities created in the be system profession, on that point be similarly many challenges the method of business relationship profession has to contend with (Mladenovic, 2000 Parker, 2001). In straightaways world news report pr ofession is facing one challenge that is rehabilitating the familiar perception of the be profession itself, peculiarly in the aftermath of the many mellow-profile s drive outdals in the United States involving corporate giants such as Enron, WorldCom and some new(prenominal)s. 6 Choosing a kind to weigh after Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) is non easy.On the one hand, it posterior be quite conf apply bring inable(p) to the plethora of eats and institutions pee(prenominal) to the learner to bring from. On the other hand there ar many pitfalls that a school daytime-age child should avoid in order to grass the right resource (Loke, 2008). Several programs and merchandise material atomic flesh 18 soma by The American Institute of Certified PublicAccountants (AICPA) and most state societies to attract scholars to account. According to AICPA interrogation conducted in 2002, the number of alumnas of bill programs, undergrad and graduate, declined by 21. 3%, from 59,140 in 1990/1991 to 46,555 in 2000/2001.In Canada, the UK and the US the decline in standard and or quality of scholarly persons field of battleing in account statement and entering the profession has been an issue of concern for several decades, (Adams et al. , 1994 Stice and Swain, 1997). Recent evidence from The USA, the UK, stark naked Zealand, Australia and Canada indicates that master key accountancy pull is beseeming less attractive to bill graduates and trainees from universities and colleges, and that professional person accountancy firms atomic number 18 concerned approximately losing bright history candidates to other professions (Ahmed et al. 1997 Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Felton et al. , 1994 Marriot and Marriot, 2003). 7 This query intends to find the alliance regarding the factors that mold students quality in accounting incline. According to Carolyn, Susan and Brian (2005) understanding students perceptions of accounting is an classic f irst step in the effort to attract the best to the accounting profession. more studies dumb build been done at universities on the universities level for example investigate by Cohen and Hanon (1993), Ahmed et al. (1994) and Saeman et al. (1999). 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the previous discussion, seek question is to protagonist out the looker to respond and crystallize the problem statement. The enquiry questions be i. Is there any fundamental family affinity among face-to-face factors and students prime(a) of accounting line? ii. Is there any material alliance amidst reference point group and students cream of accounting feast? iii. Is there any probatory relationship mingled with labor related factors and students extract of accounting run for? 8 1. 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this look into are i.To suss out the relationship between individualised factors and the preference of the Kolej Asa students in accounting fall. ii. To inves tigate the relationship between reference group and the pick of the Kolej Asa students in accounting manakin. iii. To investigate the relationship between jobs related factors and the plectrum of the Kolej Asa students in accounting mark. 9 1. 6 large OF THE STUDY Accounting profession is fitting less attractive to accounting graduates and trainees from universities and colleges, and that professional accountancy firms are concerned active losing bright accounting candidates to other professions.The misinformation near accounting effects students ratiocinations in choosing accounting as a potential public life or field of record(ip). However, when students are exposed to more information well-nigh accounting, there is a pro set up improver in their pursuit in accounting (Saudagaran, 1996). The AICPA and most state societies fix introduced several programs and marketing materials banging to attract students to accounting. Employers and universities also have a sta ke in attracting students to accounting biographys (Hardin al. , 2000).Recruiting efforts should swallow early and should emphasize the challenging constitution of accounting work and provide specific information round scratch salaries. sort of than avoiding discussion of the recent accounting scandals e. g. Enron, recruiters should considering victimisation them as an illustration of the diminutive post accounting plays in our capital markets. 10 1. 6. 1 studentS A in effect(p) starting place is to listen to uplifted school students perceptions of theaccounting profession. In Malaysia, students have to make a decision in choosing a operate to study afterSPM.Business studies has become one of the main communication channels offered in many ordinalinstitutions be it public or tete-a-tete universities or colleges. Students choosing a business grad leave have to major in one the fields such as accountancy, finance, marketing,human resources or business administratio n. While there has been increasing effortsamong the universities and colleges in offering the courses that matches the studentsqualifications and needs, actually little look has been conducted on the factors thatactually licks the students survival of the fittest. 1. 6. KOLEJ ASA This seek leave subsequently help those producers to know more about the opinion of accounting students on fascinates on accounting course provided in Kolej Asa. 11 1. 6. 3 coming(prenominal) RESEARCHER This investigate pull up stakes also benefit future interrogationer sources of in information if they are in fasted to do the topic related with this study. They also can extend to the other factors that studied in this inquiry. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1. 7. 1 SUBJECT This investigate is focus on the students figure outs factors on accountancy course in Kolej Asa. 1. 7. LOCATION Kolej Asa in Rawang town has been chosen. The curtilage of choosing is, Rawang town empyrean has more students com pare to rural region. 12 1. 7. 3 RESPONDENTS The student consists of accountancy course provided in Kolej Asa. The specific chosen precedent for this survey is in Kolej Asa. In this survey there are 50 students from accountancy course were world chosen. This research is essentiallyfocused on students who study accountancy course. 1. 8 terminal point I do aware that my research is non possible to accomplish collect avail aptitude of current resource. similarly that, shortage of duration is the main constraint to me. In sum total to that, the information that I obtain from secondary selective information might not be accurate. The subject area of my research is students satisfaction. in that locationfore, customer perception will not be included. As this research is conducted at Kolej Asa in Rawang, the result will not reflect the view of student in other state at bottom Malaysia. Alongside, the college authorities are not co-operate enough, disallowed survey on their stud ent. 13 1. 8. 1 TIMEIn my research, I realize that shortage of time is the main constraints to me due to the reason that we just provide 4 months to conduct the survey. With the given 4 month of time, it is actually very control amount of time for me to collect information and report abridgment. Therefore, due tom the reason above with deficiencying of time, I had to gentle this research for non-random sample of population. 1. 8. 2 apostrophize By conducting this survey, we realize that the semester holiday of Kolej Asa will be factor that will be the factor that will affect this research.From this, we know that semester holiday of Kolej Asa is different from other College. Therefore, it is very hard to estimate the holiday of Kolej Asa and due to this research, I have to waste few cost in order to do my research as well as some expenses in order to do the questionnaire typographys to conduct my survey. 14 1. 8. 3 RESPONDENT The dish upings are the student study in Kolej Asa at Rawang. Therefore, this research is conducted student at Kolej Asa Rawang town such as other colleges will not be the respondent of the research. 1. CONCLUSION The chapter 1 is the introduction to the reader on the topic of my research. It started out with a general introduction about the intended study in the lead deductively paltry towards narrowing down the research scope. I have given a picture introduction about accounting and the factors influencing them. Besides that, I had identified the subject area of my study students preferences towards in accounting course. Further, problem faced by the accounting course have been intelligibly stated and identified in the problem statement section.I had list out 3 research question related to this research and subsequently the research objective to the research question. Significant of the study have been distinctly mention in this chapter in which this research will benefit the students, Kolej Asa and future researchers. Th is study will be specifying on the students influencing in accountingcourse. 15 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWAPTER 2 2. 1 Introduction This chapter reviews factors that are world-shattering to students cream in accounting majoring.Using quite a hardly a(prenominal) present literatures, we will talk about factors such as individual private factors, reference group, job related factors and institutional factors that manipulate students in choosing accounting course as their foremost. There were researches done in United States of America and Australia in severaliseing factors influencing students selection of business major. virtually of this research examined the subjective factors including social, cultural, sociological, psychological and face-to-faceised factors, some looked at the objective factors and many others withalk into consideration both categories.The dramatic cliff in both accounting graduates and enrollments prompted the AICPA to start a comprehensive survey o f the factors create the downturn in accounting major league. The AICPA active the Taylor Consulting and enquiry Group toconduct the survey and the report of the study can be lay out on the AICPA web site (AICPA, 2001, http//accounting. rutgers. edu/ raw(a)/aaa/aapg/spr01/spr01-6. htm). 16 The single-valued functions reveal that the accounting profession is facing several critical challenges, including the awareness and understanding by students about accounting locomotes as well as ostracise perceptions of the profession.High school educators have a relatively low opinion of accounting as a calling excerpt for gamy school gear school students (Hardin et al, 2000). Hardin et al. identified terce major hurdles in changing juicy school instructors and students perceptions of the accounting profession. First, it is grueling to get the message that accounting is a challenging and rewarding travel to the teachers who interact with the best and brightest students. Seco nd, when accounting is offered in extravagantly schools, it is offered as part of a vocational track.Third, many students say that their counselors had discouraged them from pickings high school accounting because it was not for college-bound students. Students who attend high schools that offer accounting courses and even students who take accounting in high school are no more resemblingly to take a college accounting class than those who attend high schools that do not teach accounting. It emerges that having a high school accounting class does not encourage students to study accounting in college. 17 Accounting training has been the subject of considerable debate since 1980s.Prior research documents that prefatorial accounting students study accounting with banish perception on accounting. Accounting is attractive to the students in terms of professional, solely negative views regarding the nature and role of accounting persist (Fisher and Murphy, 1995, p56). Similar findin gs have been document by other researchers. The accounting majors also because of less attractive in accounting commandment. According to Albrecht and Sach (2001), most introductory accounting classes often focus on the preparation of financial data rather than on its use.In that case Students are not exposing to the business operation financially and they find that accounting course are too hard and need more time to study. Nowadays preparation and dissemination will be faster, easy and not an high-ticket(prenominal) process due to advance in technology. In Malaysia, business studies has become one of the main courses offered in many tertiary institutions be it public or private universities or colleges. Students choosing a business course will have pack to major in one the fields such as accountancy, finance, marketing, human resources or business administration.While there has been increasing efforts among the universities and colleges in offering the courses that matches the students qualifications and needs, very little research has been conducted on the factors that actually sours the students option of major. 18 inquiry in other countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia have established that students plectron of major appear to be functiond by several factors ranging from private to job related factors.Gender, consort, their denary skills, students involution in the subject, expected market might, performance in major classes, the approachability and teaching reputation of the faculty are among the factors that have some capture on the students choice. 2. 2 Factors influencing students choice 2. 2. 1 adduce Group Students norms, attitudes, and value through direct interaction are providing by reference group including family and non-family groups. preceding studies support that reference groups each family or non-family groups who have significant amount of interaction could form students choice of major. other(a) studies have found that students decision to major is bring by referents. Study confirmed that evokes do influence students choice of business major except for those who chose accountancy as their major. adverts, followed by instructors had a strong influence on students choice of majors. 19 Parents production lines are also influence students choice of business major. Research has showed that the instructors including high school teachers and college lecturers play a significant role in influencing a students final choice of business major.This study aims to explore if Malaysian students with a different cultural background are influence by either parents or educators in choosing their business major. 2. 2. 2 face-to-face factors An important selection factor is the existent invade in the subject. many a(prenominal) research revealed that one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major are students take in the subject found t hat factors such as delight in the subject, ability to do the major is important for the students in making such choice. Other factor such as quantitative skills and intellectually challenging also influences students choice.When students considered that accounting is interesting and pleasurable they are more likely to get accounting as a major. This finding was promote supported by results of where intimate rewards such as effment of the study of the topics studied in accounting, were a prognosticator of intention to undertake a career in accounting. 20 Other research findings indicated that students with purify quantitative skills tended to engage either accountancy or finance as business major whereas those who chose to major in marketing, management and management information system were those with weaker quantitative skills.This is consistent with the finding of who apprise that accounting requires good number skills. 2. 2. 3 product line related factors A number of studies have indicated that in accounting students take choice, a job satisfaction is important. Many research indicated that students choice of business major are influenced by high allowance, prestigiousness and career overture discover students who chose other business major were more influenced by ain and normative factors and students who pack accounting as their major feel that net profit, career opportunities and prestige were significant factors that influence them.The findings from many other studies also support the result that students choice of business major are influenced by high earnings, prestige and career overture. This means that accounting students discipline choice has traditionally been heavily influenced by earnings potential and job market check outs or opportunities. 21 There should be a general awareness among students on the career opportunities available in Malaysia and overseas and level of compensation for accountants as it has been widely print in the local newspapers.With the amount of news publicity given to a limited profession, it is interesting to find out if these job-related factors are the key factors influencing student in choosing accountancy as a major in Kolej Asa. 2. 3 Summary Based on the literature discuss above, this paper investigates if the personal factors, reference group and job related factors have significant influence to the KOLEJ ASA students in choosing accounting course as their major. 22 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influencing Kolej Asa students in choosing parchment Accounting course as their major. subject field base methodology was used in this research to obtain data from the respondents videlicet first semester diploma Accountancy students from KOLEJ ASA. It was a sanctioned question regarding their choice of choosing Diploma Accountancy course in KOLEJ ASA. The questionnaire was authentic to study the factors that influence students in choosing Diploma Accountancy course as their major. The data for this study was collected through a self-administered questionnaire.In the survey, respondents were asked to indicate the influence of four different factors on their selection of Diploma Accountancy. The localize of four possible influences on decision to necessitate Diploma Accountancy course were determined from internal and external factors. 23 3. 2 Research Theoretical textile ? The research theoretical framework is presented in the figure 1 beneath return 1 Research Theoretical simulation Personal Factors abduce Group STUDENTS CHOICE Job associate Factors In this framework the reliant protean is a students choice while the indie variables are personal factors, reference group and job related factors. 24 3. 3 Hypotheses Development Paolillo and Estes (1982), Zhang (2006), Malgawi et al. (2005) and Pimpa, (2007) studied on the factors which influence the choice of course. From these previous researcheshypotheses were developed in finding the relationship of the triplet factors influencing students in choosing accounting course as a major. 3. . 1 Personal factors Personal factors such as interest in the subject, ability to do the major quantitative skills and intellectually challenging and not boring were examined. Many research revealed that students interest in the subject is one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major. Research findings indicated that students with break quantitative skills tended to adopt either accountancy or finance as business major whereas those who chose to major in marketing, management and management information system were those with weaker quantitative skills.Many research revealed that students interest in the subject is one of the significant factors identified that influences their choice of major. It was conclude that personal factors have a relationship with students choice. 25 Based on these previous researches, it can be suggested that personal factors has a relationship with students choice in choosing accounting course. Therefore, for the purpose of the current research, the hypotheses built will be H1 There is a significant relationship between personal factors and students choice on their major. 3. 3. 2 REFERENCE group There was a positive relationship between reference group and the choice of student which indicates that parents, high school teachers and college lecturers play significant role in influencing students choice. Other than that, parents occupation could also influence student choice on accounting course as a major.Therefore, the hypothesis built for this paper is H2- There is a significant relationship between reference group and students choice in accounting course. 26 3. 3. 3 Job related factors The Albrecht and Sach (2001) study asked participants to identify the most important reason students choose to major in ac counting. A study conducted by Doran also found that the most important action that would attract more high-quality students to the accounting profession would be to deliver higher(prenominal)(prenominal) starting salaries (Doran, 2001). H3 There is a significant relationship between job related factors and students choice in accounting course. Zhang (2006), found that job-related factors including potential job opportunities and compensation are ii keyfactorsthat influence the students choice. The research by Giladi, Amoo and Friedman (2002) found that higher earnings, prestige and career advancement influence the choice of student. From the previous researches, it was found that job related factors do have significant effect on students choice. Therefore, the hypothesis build for this paper is 7 3. 4 Variables Definition 3. 4. 1 Personal factors ? Including interest in the subject, ability to do the work, workload and challenge. 3. 4. 2 Reference group ? Including parents, re latives, friends, school teacher and counselor. 3. 4. 3 Job related factors ? Including job opportunities, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige. 28228 3. 5 in operation(p) Definition 3. 5. 1 Personal factors ? The degree to which the students believes that the interest in the subject, ability to do the workload and challenge can influence them in choosing accountancy course. . 5. 2 Reference group ? The degree to which the students believes that parents, relatives, friends, school teacher and counselor can help them in making decisions. 3. 5. 3 Job related factors ? The degree to which the students believe that job opportunities, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige can influence them in choosing accountancy course. 29 3. 6 Sampling and Data accretion The population or the unit of analytic thinking for this research will be the first and second semester of Diploma Accountancy Students in KOLEJ ASA.At Kolej Asa there are 5accounting classes and total of the students are speed of light. From the total population, the researcher tried to achieved 100% result rate, however, due to true limitation, response rate that were obtained was only 50 students. A set of questionnaire were given to the class exemplar and he was responsible to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents and to collect the questionnaire after being filled by the respondents. The respondents were given 15 minutes to repartee the questionnaire and returned it to the class representative.The next day, researchers collect the questionnaire from the class representative from each class. 30 3. 7 puppetation and measurement of variables The questionnaire was divided into two parts. severalize 1 of the questionnaire solicited demographic information such as gender, race and basic qualification. In Part 2 of the questionnaire was come along divided into section A, B and C. function A contains 10 questions on respondents personal factors that would influence the m in choosing accounting course using a five point Likert surpass (1= potently agree to 5 = strongly resist).Section B contains 9 questions on respondents referent group view of their choice and the degree of importance they placed on the referents view. Using a five point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree), respondents were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement with the statement that their parents/relatives/friends/counselor think that they should choose accounting course. Section C is set out to ascertain the job related factors that would influence them in choosing accounting course.Respondents were asked to indicate the extent of their agreement on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree). In this section there were 9 questions to be answered. The questionnaire used was adapted from Tracy (2003) and Marriot (2003), however, certain alteration has been made to suit the condition of this research. Refer Appendix B . 31 3. 8 Validity and reliableness of measurement In determining the hardship of the measurement used, pretest had been conducted.According to ASA (1997), pre scrutiny a questionnaire is central to planning a good survey and is critical for identifying questionnaire problems. The problems can decease for both respondents and interviewers regarding question content, patterns, or formatting. to begin with the questionnaire was distributed to the respondents, the researcher firstly sent the questionnaires to 6 pretest respondents consisting of colleagues and friends to signalise on the questionnaires. The purpose of pretesting is to get the experts view on the questions. After the comment was obtained, modification was made to the questionnaire.For the purpose of testing the reliability, Cronbach important was used to determine the reliability of each the data collected for each factor. The analysis was done using SPSS package. Cronbach important are widely used to sop up relia bility of tests and measurements (Kistner and Muller, 2004). A high alpha indicates that the factors has a high reliability and immorality versa. According to tracelines by Sekaran (2003), a coefficient of below 0. 6 is considered to be poor, 0. 7 is acceptable, and over 0. 8 is good. Therefore, from the alpha score, the conclusion on whether the data is reliable can be concluded.If the alpha is low, this indicates that some of the items for a factor might not consistent with other items for the same factor. To overcome this problem, the items which are not consistent with other items will be eliminated. 32 3. 9 Data analysis The analysis was done by using SPSS package and was divided into several phase. The first phase of analysis concern the analysis of central tendency. In this research, mean was used, which change the interpretation of data where the point of sterling(prenominal) concentration can be obtained.Therefore, it can be observed on which factor the respondents w ill be in choosing Diploma Accounting course. The next phase involved the analysis of standard deviation. This was done to study the spread of dispersion of data. Therefore, interpretation of data involved in seeing whether the choices of respondents were disperse or their choices were converged to certain point. The final phase involves the analysis on the relationship between the in leechlike variables (Personal factors, Reference group and Job related factors) with the dependant variable, which is students choice. These were one through the analysis of multiple regressions and enable the data interpretation to see the strength and explosive charge of each sovereign variable with dependent variable. Therefore, it can be identified on whether the self- satisfactory variables have a significant relationship to dependent variables as being hypothesized previously. The analysis had also identified the independent variable that have the most influence on choosing Diploma Accounting course. 33 In determining the regressions among the independent variables and the dependent variables, the impact of multi co linearity should not be neglected.Multi co linearity results from the situation where exists the correlation amongst predictor variables or the independent variables (Polhemus, 2005). When this situation happens, the regression results between the independent and dependent variables might be imprecise. 34 CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Respondents background The main objective of this research is to find out if there is a significant relationship between reference groups, personal factor, job related factor and institutional factor of KOLEJ ASA accounting students in choosing accounting course as being hypothesized before.As rationalizeed in the earlier chapters, the scope of this research is limited to KOLEJ ASA accounting students. The population for this research is 50, and from this total population, the data gathered was from 50 respondents, which repres ents 25% of the total population. get a move through 1 shows the respondents backgrounds which represent 78 % are pistillate and male 22%. They are from dissimilar races where, 44% is Chinese, 38% is Indian, 16% Malay and 2% others. All the respondents are students shortly studying in KOLEJ ASA. 35 Table 1 Respondents Background Respondents Frequency part Gender Male 11 22% Female 39 78% execute Chinese 22 44% Indian 19 38% Malay 8 16% Others 1 2% turn 1 Distribution of genderpic 36 bod 2 Distribution of type of race pic 37 QUESTIONAIRE STRONGLY equip AGREE UNSURE protest STRONGLY DISAGREE (5) (1) (4) (3) (2) 2. Accounting is interesting 32 14 3 1 3. I would have intercourse being an accountant 42 7 1 4. I am impulsive to learn accounting subject 32 18 5. I am unbidden to spend a circularize of time studying accounting 40 7 2 1 6.I can do better in calculation 42 7 1 7. I like to answer question in figures 43 4 3 8. Accounting is a course with copes of classwork 18 29 3 9. breeding accounting is very challenging 31 17 2 10. I can maintain high greed point average (GPA) 28 19 3 11.My family fates me to choose accounting course 13 29 3 5 12. My friends think I should choose accounting course 29 15 5 1 13. Other students root on accounting course to me 32 15 3 14. My teacher thinks that I should take accounting course 45 5 15. My own motivations for choosing accounting course 35 15 16.My counselor at school recommend accounting course to me 35 12 3 17. Performance in secondary school subjectmatter makes me choose accounting course 39 11 18. My parents occupation encourage me to choose accounting 12 21 15 1 1 19. My parent wants me to choose accounting course 40 10 20.If I choose accounting course,there will be job 26 24 available for me when I graduate 21. If I choose accounting course,there will be a with child(p) job 39 8 3 market strike for people like me 22. I can get a high nonrecreational job if I graduate with accounting36 14 23.My starting wages will be satisfying if I graduate with 27 23 accounting 24. Accountants are boring people 6 19 2 8 15 25. universe an accountant has a lot of prestige 42 8 26. The accounting profession is well respected 31 17 2 27. Accounting is a profession on par with treat and law 45 5 28. Accounting is a field with broad pictorial matter to business 39 11 39 4. 2 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Earlier chapter explain that to increase the validity of the instrument, the researcher has conducted pretest, where the questionnaires are distribute to the experts who gave their comments. The questionnaires are then being amended to increase the validity.Apart from that, the questions are also being design to include both positive and negative questions. In managing the data, the negative questions are being transformed and record into d ifferent variables before being analyzed. In other words, the negative questions were being transformed to positive questions. 40 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS 5. 1 Discussions The purpose of this paper is to find out factors influencing Kolej Asa students in choosing Diploma Accounting course as a major. From the data analysis gathered from 50 respondents, as explained in Chapter 4 the three factors have been supported by the findings which is significantly influence the students choice.Reference group, personal factors and job related factors indicate a significant correlation with students choice, which means that all the factors had a relationship which will influence the respondents to choose accounting course. However, the strength of influence by reference group is considered harden compared to personal factors and job related factors. This showed that the respondents comprehend personal factors, although significant and to be a huge influence to the students choice. 41 Among all the three factors, personal factors is seen to have the strongest influence over students choice which is consistent with the result found in Adams, Pryor and Adams (1994)Doran ( 2001), and Pritchard et al. , (2004).Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents perceived that their choice in choosing accounting course will be determined more by independents, higher earnings, career advancement and prestige, followed by the job related factors which influence them to choose accounting course which consistent with the finding in Adams, Pryor and Adams (1994), Doran ( 2001), and Pritchard et al. , (2004). 5. 2 Conclusions The above discussion is based on the objective of the research, which is to find out if there is any significant relationship between the personal factors, reference group and job related factors and the students choice in choosing accounting course at KOLEJ ASA. All the factors indicated a significant relationship to the students choice. 42 5. 3 Implications Th e implications of this findings suggest the importance of career counseling road shows and career fairs to create awareness and understanding among young high school leavers who intent to pursue an accounting course in higher education institution.This will rectify the problem of students enrolling into other courses of which they have no knowledge of the subjects taught and future career options thus minimizing the number of students dropping out when they found out they are not interested in the subjects taught at all. The awareness and understanding of subjects taught and career options available are important to high school leavers who intent to pursue an accounting course as this research found that the outcome important factors influencing their choice of courses include interest in the subject, career advancement and career opportunities available. Another implication derived from this research is the violence of factor influencing undergraduates choice of courses.It is vit al to highlight to undergraduate who intent to pursue a particular course on the possibility of the existence of factor influencing them to choose a particular course. This research hopes to highlight the importance of the role of the higher education institutions in offering sufficient and relevant information to potential students who want to pursue an accounting course so that these young high school leavers are able to make informed decision about their future career. 43 5. 4 Limitations This study has the following limitations. Firstly the study has a limited reference from local researchers so it is more depend on research that had been done abroad.It is also lack of accounting research which could help to explain on local situation. Secondly the study selected only four variables because of time constrains. thirdly the questionnaire was only administered at one institution. The limitations of this study provide a pathway for further research in this area. 44 References ? How to uphold Pretesting. 1997. American Statistical Association. ? Speech on The Occasion of the ICAEW Malaysia Achievers Ball, 2004 ? Brown, J. W. 2004. Techniques of Multivariate Data digest ? Adams, S. J. , L J. Pryor, and S. L. Adams. 1994. Attraction and retention of high altitude students in accounting An explorative longitudinal study. Issues in Accounting instruction. Ahmed, K. , K. F. Alam, and M, Alam. 1997. An experimental study of factors affectingaccounting students choice in bare-ass Zealand. Accounting command an international journal. ? Albrecht, W. S. , and R. J. Sach, 2001 . The uncertain future day of Accounting Education. The CPA ledger. ? Auyeung, P. and J, Sands. 1997. Factors influencing accounting students career choice a cross cultural validation study. Accounting Education an international journal. ? Bryman, A. and D, Cramer. 2001. Quantitative Data abstract with SPSS Release 10 for Windows A guide for social scientists, East Essex Rout ledge ? Coh en, J. , and D. M. Hanno. 1993.An Analysis of Underlying Constructs Affecting theChoice of Accounting Major, Issues in Accounting Education. ? Doran, D. T. 2001. Concern for the Future of the Accounting Profession, The CPA ledger ? Dowall, M. T . 2008. What influences accounting students attitudes towards accounting as a profession? unattached from http///www. afaanz. org/opencofafaanz2008/modules/request. php 45 ? Felton, S. , N. Burh and M. Northey. 1994. Factors influencing the business students choice of a career in chartered accountancy, Issues in Accounting Education. ? Fisher, R. , and Murphy. 1995. A pariah profession? Some student perceptions ofaccounting and accountancy. Studies in Higher Education. ? Geiger, M. A. and S. M. Ogilbly. 2000.The first course in accounting students perceptions and their effect on the decision to major in accounting. Journal ofAccounting Education. ? Hair, J. F. , R. E. , Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1998. Multivariate Data Analys is,5thEd. , London assimilator Hall. ? Hardin, J. R. , D. OBryan, and J. J. Quirin. 2000. Accounting versus engineering, law, and medicinal drug Perceptions of prestigious high school teachers. Advancesin Accounting. ? Howieson, B. 2003. Accounting practice in the new millennium is accountingeducation ready to meet the challenge? , The British Accounting Review, 35(2). ? Inman B. C. , A. Wenzler and P. D. Wickeert. 1989.Square pegs in round holes are accounting students well-suited to todayss accounting profession? Issues in Accounting Education. 46 ? Jack ling, B. and C. Calero. 2006. Influences on undergraduate students intentions to become qualified accountants evidence from Australia. Accounting Educationan international journal. ? Kim, D. , F. S. Markham and J. D. Cangelosi. 2002. wherefore students pursue the business degree a comparison of business majors across universities. Journal of educationfor Business. ? Kistner, E. O. , &038 K. E. Muller. 2004. Exact Distribution s of Interclass Correlation and Cronbachs Alpha with Gaussian Data and General Covariance Psychometric. Leppel, K. , M. L. , Williams and C. Waldauer. 2001. The Impact of Parental Occupation and socioeconomic Status on Choice of College Major. Journal ofFamily and Economic Issues. ? Lowe, D. R. and K. Simons. 1997. Factors influencing choice of business majors some additional evidence a research note, accounting education. ? Lowe, D. R. and K. Simons. 1997. Factors influencing choice of business majors some additional evidence a research note, accounting education. 47 ? Malgwi, C. A. , M. A. Howe and P. A. Burnaby. 2005. Influences on students choice of college major, Journal of education for business. ? Marriott, P. and N. Marriott. 2003.Are we turning them off a longitudinal study of undergraduate accounting students attitudes toward accounting as a profession, accounting Education an international journal. ? Mauldin, S. , J. L Crain and P. H. Mounce. 2000. The accounting princ iples instructors influence on students decision to major in accounting, Journal of Education for Business. ? Sekaran. (2003) Measurement Scaling, reliability, validity. In Research methods for business A skill building Approach. John Wiley. ? Zickmund, W. G. 2003. Business Research Methods. Thomson South Western, Ohio 48 QUESTIONNAIRE GENERAL training 1. Gender ? Male ? Female 2. festinate ? Malay ? Chinese ? Indian ? Others 3. staple fibre qualification ? SPM ? STPM Other institution verbalise below are a number of questions to test on the factors that influence the respondent in choosing Diploma Accountancy course in KOLEJ ASA. Circle the best answer for each question according to the scale provided below Strongly add together (5) Agree (4) Unsure (3) Disagree (2) strongly disagree (1) Part 1 PERSONAL FACTORS 1. I like accounting 5 4 3 2 1 2. Accounting is interesting 5 4 3 2 1 3. I would enjoy being an accountant 5 4 3 2 1 4. I am willing to learn accounting subject 5 4 3 2 1 5. I am willing to spend a lot of time studying accounting 5 4 3 2 1 6. I can do better in calculation 5 4 3 2 1 7.I like to answer question in figures 5 4 3 2 1 8. Accounting is a course with oodles of class work 5 4 3 2 1 9. Learning accounting is very challenging 5 4 3 2 1 10. I can maintain high gred point average (GPA) 5 4 3 2 1 Part 2 REFERENCES GROUP 1. My family wants me to choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 2. My friends think I should choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 3. Other students recommend accounting course to me 5 4 3 2 1 4. My teacher thinks that I should take accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 5. My own motivations for choosing accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 6. My counselor(s) at school recommend accounting course to me 4 3 2 1 7. Performance in secondary school subject matter makes me choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 8. My parents occupation encourage me to choose accounting 5 4 3 2 1 9. My parent wants me to choose accounting course 5 4 3 2 1 Part 3 JOB RELATED FAC TORS 1. If I choose accounting course, there will be job available for me when I graduate. 5 4 3 2 1 2. If I choose accounting course, there will always be a great job market involve for people like me. 5 4 3 2 1 3. I can get a high paying job if I graduate with accounting 5 4 3 2 1 4. My starting salary will be satisfying if I graduate with accounting 5 4 3 2 1 5.Accountants are boring people 5 4 3 2 1 6. Being an accountant has a lot of prestige 5 4 3 2 1 7. The accounting profession is well respected 5 4 3 2 1 8. Accounting is a profession on par with medicine and law 5 4 3 2 1 9. Accounting is a field with broad exposure to business 5 4 3 2 1 Suggestions / Comments _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time in completing the questionnaire. I am sure that the responses will be a great help and useful for the purpose of this research. picpic

Maya Angelou’s Phenomenal Woman: Positive Attributes of a Black Woman

Now you understand beneficial why my heads not bowed, I dont promise or jump somewhat or bring forth to talk real ratty. When you natter me passing it ought to drive you proud I say its the click of my heels, the writhe of my hair, the palm of my hand, the need for my c be wee Im a charwomanhood phenomenally, phenomenal woman, thats me (Angelou 1). Phenomenal Woman, a poem written by Maya Angelou about the positive attributes of a dreary woman. Maya Angelou is a swarthy actor writer and accomplished rights activist.Growing up during the time dusky people were fighting for civility, Maya Angelou has come from a generation of scandalous people who were criticized for their struggle color a generation where worthy an actor was as further-fetched as an black woman going to the moon. Even though now there are more than black women in the entertainment ground the portrayal of the black woman is assuage pretty much the same. Today the medias portrayal of black women i s a loud foul mouthed hot headed ghetto du-rag wearing hood-rat on welfare who dont egress care of her kids because she chasing after a man.In the 18 to 1900s black women were known as sassy mammies who ran their own homes with iron fists including criticise black husbands and children (Abagond 1). Another name that was utilize towards black women was a sapphire, which was depict as bitchy stubborn and hateful. During the previous 1900s every role of a black woman was that of a spiteful smouldering vindictive black woman who demeans and beat generation her husband. Continuing through the 70s with the show levelheaded Times, Esther Rolle played Florida Evans a house wife who lives in the projects of Chicago, the media once again depicted the black woman as exactly that, idle. During the Jim Crow period, when real blacks were often beaten, jailed, or killed for arguing with etiolateds, fictional Mammies were allowed to pre list-chastise whites, including men. Their sassi ness was supposed to establish that they were accepted as members of the white family, and word meaning of that sassiness implied that slavery and segregation were not overly oppressive. Another example of a chromatic was the character Pamela (Pam) James played by Tichina Arnold, who appeared on Martin, a situational comedy that ethereal from 1992 to 1997 on the Fox network.Pam, Martins daughter Ginas best friend and neighbour was a badmouthed, wisecracking friend/foe of the submit character, Martin. Tichina Arnold, the actress who played Pam, also plays Rochelle, a dominating, in-your- appear matriarch in the situational comedy, Everybody Hates Chris, which ran from 2005 to 2009, and is still windy on cable television. Although most of the sitcoms are used for entertainment people tend to believe that this is how every black woman is.Using derogatory jargon much(prenominal) Shaniqua and Aunt Jemima to describe African American women, many whites believe that what the med ia puts out is not a stereotype but the truth. Arnold has master the role of the angry, black woman. Although the numerical deputation of blacks in contemporary television advert has improved in recent years, the authors summary illustrates how the potentially positive effects of including more African-Americans in advertisements are often rationalise by subtle racist elements that provoke African-American inferiority. Even in earlier cartoons when blacks were drawn into character, they were drawn to look resembling to monkeys with dark skin big bug lips and ears and not very intelligent. Cartoonists went as far as to notwithstanding put a monkey in the cartoon and make the monkey smarter than the black people have in the cartoon. This was done for the amusement of white people.From the first cartoons to the first black president black people not in force(p) women have been the center of ridicule, calling them coons and monkeys, even going as far as photo shopping Michell e Obamas face to that of a monkeys safekeeping her hair and clothing the same. Cal Thomas a commentator of Fox network stated that black women are usually angry about something theyve lost a parole in a drive by shooting or angry at Bush. So you dont have a profile of non angry black women (Transcrpit Fox, 2008).Works CitedEDu paper Jatau, Mary. (2009). Western Medias Commodification and Consumption of African Women A recapitulation of Three News Channels. UC Los Angeles UCLA Center for the reputation of Women. Retrieved from http//escholarship.org/uc/item/9gs2q469 1. Bristor, Julia M., Michlle R. Hunt, and Renee G. Lee. Race and Ideology African-American Images in Television Advertising. Journal of creation Policy & Marketing 14.1 (1995) 48-59. Print. 2.Rucker, C. E. and Cash, T. F. (1992), proboscis images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and white college women. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 12 291299 none 3.Schooler, D., Monique Ward, L., Merr iwether, A. and Caruthers, A. (2004), Whos That Girl Televisions Role In The Body Image Development Of five-year-old White And Black Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28 3847. None Jatau, Mary. (2009). 4. Western Medias Commodification and Consumption of African Women A reexamination of Three News Channels. UC Los Angeles UCLA Center for the teaching of Women. Retrieved from http//escholarship.org/uc/item/9gs2q469. 5. Abagond (2008, March 7). The Sapphire Stereotype. Abagond. Retrieved from http//abagond.wordpress.com/2008/03/07/the-sapphire-stereotype/. 6. hurtful times on the Good times set. (1975 September). Ebony.

Difference between personnel management and HRM Essay

Difference mingled with kind-hearted Resource charge and violence Management gracious preference focussing involves entirely centering ratiocinations and workouts that directly affect or influence the pile, or homophile elections, who act for the organic law. In other words, tender-hearted imagination commission is concerned with bulk centric issues in modal value.The mankind Resources Management (HRM) locomote includes a variety of activities, and key among them is decision making what staffing c both for you engender and whether to use strong-minded ratifyors or hire employees to fill these call for, recruiting and breeding the best employees, ensuring they argon high performers, dealings with instruction execution issues, and ensuring your forcefulness and forethought practices adjust to respective(a) conventions. Activities also include managing your draw close to employee benefits and remuneration, employee inserts and military force p olicies. Usually small commercial enterprisees (for- hit or nonprofit) have to carry come forward these activities themselves because they nookyt up to now afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always go out that employees have and ar aw be of forcefulness policies which correct to current regulations. These policies be often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HRM AND effect MANAGEMENTALTHOUGH twain human resource way (HRM) and military unit department office commission focus on pot trouble, if we examine critically, thither are many divagations mingled with them. well-nigh are listed belowi) nature of relations The nature of relations can be seen done two different lieu views which are Pluralist and Unitarist. in that location is a neat distinct difference between around(prenominal) because in personnel oversight, the focus is much on separateististic where individual involution is much than classify interest. The relationship between counsel and employees are and on contractual basis where one hires and the others perform. Whereas, HRM focuses more than on Unitarist where the word uni refers to one and together. Here, HRM through a shared vision between wariness and staff create a corporate vision and mission which are linked to chore goals and the fulfillment of unwashed interest where the shapings necessitate are satisfied by employees and employees needs are well- take forn care by the organization.Motorola and Seagate are good examples of organizations that belief in this Unitarist onward motion which also focuses in team care and sees employees as partners in an organization. Relation of great spring and perplexity The distribution of power in personnel guidance is centralized where the outdo trouble has full authority in decision-making where even the personnel managers are not even allowed to give ideas or take part in any decision whi ch involves employees. HRM, on the other hand, sees the decentralization of power where the power between top steering is shared with middle and lower management groups. This is cognise as empowerment because employees crop an of the essence(predicate) role together with cable system and HR managers to make collective and joint decisions, which can benefit both the management and employees themselves.In fact, HRM focuses more on TQM antenna as part of a team management with the involvement and participation of management and employees with shared power and authority. The nature of management is focused more on bottom-up arise with employees giving feedback to the top management and then the top management gives condescend to employees to achieve mutually hold goals and objectives.ii) lead and management role strength management emphasizes much on leadinghip sort which is very transactivenessal. This style of leadership merely sees the leader as a projection-oriented person. This leader focuses more on procedures that must be followed, punishment form non-performance and non-compliance of rules and regulations and put figures and trade union movement accomplishments ahead of human factors such as personal bonding, interpersonal relationship, trust, sense, tolerance and care. HRM creates leaders who are transformational. This leadership style back ups business objectives to be shared by both employees and management. Here, leaders only focus more on batch-oriented and importance on rules, procedures and regulations are eliminated and replaced withShared vision collective floriculture and missionsTrust and flexibility andHRM needs that integrates business needs.iii) Contract of drill In personnel management, employees contract of employment is absolvely compose and employees must observe strictly the agreed employment contract. The contract is so harsh that at that place is no room for converts and modifications. in that location is no compromise in compose contracts that stipulates rules, regulations, barter and obligations. HRM, on the other hand, does not focus on one-time life-long contract where on the chew over(p) hours and other terms and conditions of employment are seen as less rigid. Here, it goes beyond the public contract that takes place between organizations and employees.The unexampled flexible approach encourages employees to choose various ways to keep contributing their skills and friendship to the organization. HRM, with its new approach, has created flexi- running(a) hours, work from home policies and not forgetting the creation on open contract system that is currently practiced by some multinational companies such as Motorola, Siemens and GEC. HRM today gives employees the opportunity and exemption to select any type of working system that can suit them and at the comparable time benefit the organization as well. Drucker (1996) calls this approach a win-win approach.iv) be policies and job visualize Pay policies in personnel management is merely base on skills and knowledge required for the positioning jobs only. The value is based on the talent to perform the chore and duties as per the employment contract requirement only. It does not encourage value- hited incentives to be paid out. This is also because the job design is very working(a), where the utilisations are more departmentalized in which each job move into one functional department. This is merely known as division on deal union movement based on job needs and skill possessions and requirement. HRM, on the contrary, encourages organizations to look beyond pay for functional duties.Here, the pay is designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement which is linked to value-added incentives such as gain sharing schemes, group profit sharing and individual incentive plans. The job design is no more functional based but teamwork and cyclical based. HRM creates a new approach towar ds job design such as job whirling which is inter and intra-departmental based and job effusion which encourages one potence and capable individual to take on more tasks to add value to his/her job and in authorise enjoy added incentives and benefits. human beings resource management is the new version of personnel management. There is no any watertight difference between human resource management and personnel management. However, there are some differences in the following matters.1. force-out management is a traditional approach of managing wad in the organization. Human resource management is a modern approach of managing people and their strengths in the organization.2. military unit management focuses on personnel administration, employee eudaemonia and labor relation. Human resource management focuses on acquisition, development, need and maintenance of human resources in the organization.3. force-out management assumes people as a input for achieving desired outp ut. Human resource management assumes people as an important and valuable resource for achieving desired output.4. under(a) personnel management, personnel function is undertaken for employees satisfaction. Under human resource management, administrative function is undertaken for goal achievement.5. Under personnel management, job design is done on the basis of division of labor. Under human resource management, job design function is done on the basis of group work/team work.6. Under personnel management, employees are provided with less schooling and development opportunities. Under human resource management, employees are provided with more training and development opportunities.7. In personnel management, decisions are made by the top management as per the rules and regulation of the organization. In human resource management, decisions are made collectively after considering employees participation, authority, decentralization, competitive environment etcetera8. milita ry group management focuses on increased return and satisfied employees. Human resource management focuses on effectiveness, culture, productivity and employees participation.9. Personnel management is concerned with personnel manager. Human resource management is concerned with all level of managers from top to bottom.10. Personnel management is a routine function. Human resource management is a strategic function.Human resource management past and attestHuman resource management has changed a lot in the past deoxycytidine monophosphate years. Previously, HRM was called personnel administration or personnel management, that is, it had to do with the staff or workers of an organisation. It was in general concerned with the administrative tasks that have to do with organising or managing an organisation, such as record keeping and dealing with employee wages, salaries and benefits. The personnel military officer (the person in charge of personnel management) also dealt with res triction relations.such as problems with trade unions or difficulties between employers (those who employ workers) and their employees. forwards we look at the role of HRM in organisations today, we will examine the way people were managed in organisations in the past.DefinitionPersonnel Management Personnel Management is then basically an administrative record-keeping function, at the usable level. Personnel Management attempts to maintain sensible terms and conditions of employment, while at the same time, efficiently managing personnel activities for individual departments etc. It is assumed that the outcomes from providing justice and achieving efficiency in the management of personnel activities will guide ultimately in achieving organizational success. Facts +The U.S. exponent of Personnel Management (OPM) is the worlds largest HR department. OPM provides HR services for the federal governments workforce of nearly 2.8 million workers. Its staff carry out the tasks to r ecruit, interview, and elicit employees oversee merit pay, benefits and retirement programs and ensure that all employees and applicants are treated plum and according to the law.To set the low-down cost-of-living allowances rates, the government agency of Personnel Management (OPM) surveys the prices of over three hundred items, including goods and services, housing, transportation, and miscellaneous expenses. OPM conducts these surveys in each of the COLA areas and in the Washington, DC, area.Human resource management is concerned with the development and implementation of people strategies, which are integrated with corporate strategies, and ensures that the culture, determine and structure of the organization, and the quality, motivation and commitment of its members domiciliate fully to the achievement of its goals.HRM is concerned with carrying out the SAME functional activities traditionally performed by the personnel function, such as HR planning, job analysis, recrui tment and selection, employee relations, performance management, employee appraisals, compensation management, training and development etc. But, the HRM approach performs these functions in a qualitatively clean-cut way, when compared with Personnel Management.Main Differences between Personnel Management and HRMHRM has a long account statement of growing from a simple upbeat and maintenance function to that of a progress level activity of the companies. In recent years, the focus on people management from human not bad(p)/intellectual capital perspective is also shaping firmly. However, the problematical fact is that this growth can be generally witnessed in management publications and rarely in practice. Peripheral expression of people management in organization can mislead the observers since, hardly there could be any organization that is yet to rename its old fashioned human activity of industrial relations/personnel/welfare/administration department into HRM dep artment. But, in practice, these organizations go along to handle the people management activities the way they had been handling earlier. The reasons for this could be many and varied. Among them, the potential reason is lack of clear understanding about the differences between personnel/IR and HRM.Professor John Storey brightly portrayed these differences in 27 areas of people management in 1992 in his rule book titled Developments in the Management of Human Resources. These differences are illustrated in TableDimensionsPersonnel and IRHRMBeliefs and assumptions1. ContractCareful painting of written contractsAim to go beyond contract2. RulesImportance of devising clear rules/mutuallyCan-do outlook temper with rule3. Guide to management actionProceduresBusiness-need4. Behaviour referentNorms/custom and practiceValues/mission5. Managerial task vis-a-vis labourMonitoringNurturing6. Nature of relationsPluralistUnitarist7. ConflictInstitutionalizedDe-emphasized strategical aspects 8. Key relationsLabour managementCustomer9. InitiativesPiecemealIntegrated10. Corporate planMarginalCentral11. expedite of decisionSlowFast path management12. Management roleTransactionalTransformational leadership13. Key managersPersonnel/ IR specialists popular/business/line managers14. conference verificatoryDirect15. StandardizationHigh (e.g. space-reflection symmetry an issue)Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant)16. Prized management skillsNegotiationFacilitationKey levers17. woofSeparate, marginal taskIntegrated, key task18. PayJob evaluation (fixed grades)Performance-related19. Conditions apiece negotiatedHarmonization20. Labour-managementCollective bargaining contractsTowards individual contracts21. Thrust of relations with stewardsRegularized through facilities and trainingMarginalized (with exception of some bargaining for change models)22. Job categories and gradesManyFew23. CommunicationRestricted fly the coopIncreased flow24. Job designDivision of labourTeamwork25 . Conflict handlingReach unstable trucesManage climate and culture26. readiness and developmentControlled access to coursesLearning companies27. Foci of assist for interventionsPersonnel proceduresWide ranging cultural, structural and personnel strategies

EOQ, Economic Order Quantity

An Economic lay out amount is the best number of lay out that minimizes total unsettled prices required to order and gift register, that is to say, that EOQ helps us to discipline the appropriate nitty-gritty and frequency when ordering and holding inventory. EOQ is use as part of a ceaseless review inventory system, in which the reduce aim of inventory is monitored at all meters, and a fixed quantity is ordered individually time the inventory level reaches a specific reorder point, as it shown in the left-hand intense, where R is the minimum inventory.More all over, EOQ is sanctionedally an accounting convening that determines the point at which the combination of order be and inventory carrying costs atomic number 18 the least. The result is the some cost effective quantity to order. Also, EOQ is in general recomm lay offed in ope rations where demand is relatively steady, items with demand variability such as seasonality can still use the framework by goi ng to shorter time periods for the EOQ calculation. This exemplar have som assumptions that are important to ready into account 1. Demand is know and is deterministic, ie. constant. 2. The entrust time, ie. he time between the perspective of the order and the receipt of the order is known and constant. 3. The receipt of inventory is instantaneous. In early(a) manner of speaking the inventory from an order arrives in wizard batch at unmatchable point in time. 4. measure discounts are not possible, in other words it does not make any difference of opinion how much we order, the price of the product allow still be the same. (for the Basic EOQ-Model) 5. That the only if costs pertinent to the inventory mannikin are the cost of placing an order and the cost of holding or storing inventory over time.The basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula is WhereA = Demand for the year Cp = terms to place a single order Ch = price to hold one unit inventory for a year Then, the out front formula try to Minimize the nub cost per period, that consist in core cost per period = inventory holding costs per period + order costs per period Where Order Cost = The get of Orders Placed in the period x Order be Carrying Cost = middling Inventory Level x the Carrying Costs of 1 unit of Stock for one period Then as a Result of this minimizing we get the Total germane(predicate) Cost (TRC) which is TRC = Yearly Holding Cost + Yearly Ordering Cost = So we can see that the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is derived from this formula as the graphic shows. Economic Order Quantities can overly have many variations on its basic model. The most useful ones are * Quantity discount logic can be programmed to work in conjunction with the EOQ formula to determine optimum order quantities. about systems will require this additional programming. * additive logic can be programmed to determine max quantities for items subject to spoilage or to prevent obsolescence on items reachin g the end of their product life cycle. When used in manufacturing to determine lot sizes where production runs are very long (weeks or months) and destroyed product is being released to stock and consumed/ change throughout the production run you may compulsion to take into account the ratio of production to consumption to more accurately represent the average inventory level. * Your safeguard stock calculation may take into account the order cycle time that is driven by the EOQ. If so, you may need to tie the cost of the change in safety stock levels into the formula.